The morphogenesis of fast growth in plants.

Growth rate represents a fundamental axis of life history variation. Faster growth associated with C photosynthesis and annual life history has evolved multiple times, and the resulting diversity in growth is typically explained via resource acquisition and allocation. However, the underlying changes in morphogenesis remain unknown.

Digging Deeper into the Patello - Femoral Joint: Patello - Femoral Composite - A New Dimension for Overstuffing of Patello - Femoral Joint.

Introduction: Patello-femoral complications are the most common complications in postoperative Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) patients especially overstuffing of Patello - Femoral Joint (PFJ). So, to study the effects of overstuffing of PFJ in postoperative TKA patients we put forth a new dimension - "PATELLO - FEMORAL COMPOSITE (PFC)". This is the maximum distance between anterior cortical line of femur shaft and the anterior cortex of patella with knee in full extension.

Expect the Unexpected: Mycobacterial Infection in Post Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients.

Orthopaedic Surgeons rarely encounter mycobacterial infections in Post Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) patients. We present series of two cases to create awareness among clinicians to expect the unexpected. Tuberculosis typical/ atypical is a hidden culprit in catch clinical situations when chronic infection is Suspected, but the lab investigations are negative in persistently symptomatic patients.

Avascular Necrosis of Acetabulum: The Hidden Culprit of Resistant Deep Wound Infection and Failed Fixation of Fracture Acetabulum - A Case Report.

Introduction: Chances of avascular necrosis of acetabulum are rare as it enjoys a rich blood supply. But cases of post - traumatic avascular necrosis of acetabulum following fracture of posterior column have been well documented. Importance of identifying and suspecting the avascular necrosis of acetabulum is essential in cases of failed fixation of fracture acetabulum, previously operated using extensile approach to acetabulum; either extended anterior ilio - femoral or tri - radiate approach.

Defending the leaf surface: intra- and inter-specific differences in silicon deposition in grasses in response to damage and silicon supply.

Understanding interactions between grasses and their herbivores is central to the conservation of species-rich grasslands and the protection of our most important crops against pests. Grasses employ a range of defenses against their natural enemies; silicon-based defenses have been shown to be one of the most effective. Silicon (Si) is laid down on the leaf surface as spines and other sharp bodies, known as phytoliths, making grasses abrasive and their foliage indigestible to herbivores.

Plant-pathogen interactions and elevated CO2: morphological changes in favour of pathogens.

Crop losses caused by pests and weeds have been estimated at 42% worldwide, with plant pathogens responsible for almost $10 billion worth of damage in the USA in 1994 alone. Elevated carbon dioxide [ECO(2)] and associated climate change have the potential to accelerate plant pathogen evolution, which may, in turn, affect virulence. Plant-pathogen interactions under increasing CO(2) concentrations have the potential to disrupt both agricultural and natural systems severely, yet the lack of experimental data and the subsequent ability to predict future outcomes constitutes a fundamental knowledge gap.