High-throughput mosquito and fly bioassay system for natural and artificial substrates treated with residual insecticides.

A high-throughput bioassay system to evaluate the efficacy of residual pesticides against mosquitoes and muscid flies with minimal insect handling was developed. The system consisted of 4 components made of readily available materials: 1) a CO2 anaesthetizing chamber, 2) a specialized aspirator, 3) a cylindrical flat-bottomed glass bioassay chamber assembly, and 4) a customized rack.

The pharmacist "toolbox" for smoking cessation: a review of methods, medicines, and novel means to help patients along the path of smoking reduction to smoking cessation.

Annually there are 500 000 preventable deaths in the United States caused by smoking; as health care professionals, pharmacists have a unique opportunity to advise, assess, and assist patients to quit smoking. This review article provides pharmacists with a "toolbox" containing an overview of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic methods for smoking cessation. Currently approved over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications (nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline, and bupropion) are summarized, and nonpharmacologic therapies discussed include cognitive therapy and hypnosis.

Aspirator gun for high-throughput mosquito bioassays.

We describe an innovative aspirator gun designed to transfer individual anesthetized mosquitoes directly into glass bioassay tubes. The gun has been used for thousands of transfers with extremely low associated mortality and is the central component of a high-throughput bioassay system. The gun is constructed using readily obtainable materials and can be modified for a range of insects.

Longevity and efficacy of bifenthrin treatment on desert-pattern US military camouflage netting against mosquitoes in a hot-arid environment.

The current Department of Defense pest management system does not provide adequate protection from arthropod disease vectors to personnel deployed in support of US military operations. We hypothesized that military camouflage netting, ubiquitous around living and working areas in current US military operations in Africa and the Middle East, treated with a residual pesticide such as bifenthrin may reduce the presence of biting insects and improve the military pest management system. In this study, we examined the longevity and efficacy of bifenthrin applied to camouflage netting material at the maximum label rate of 0.

Residual mosquito barrier treatments on U.S. military camouflage netting in a southern California desert environment.

Treating perimeters of vegetation with residual insecticides for protection from mosquito vectors has potential for U.S. military force health protection.

Evaluation of ULV and thermal fog mosquito control applications in temperate and desert environments.

Ultra-low-volume (ULV) and thermal fog aerosol dispersals of pesticides have been used against mosquitoes and other insects for half a century. Although each spray technology has advantages and disadvantages, only 7 studies have been identified that directly compare their performance in the field. US military personnel currently operating in hot-arid environments are impacted by perpetual nuisance and disease vector insect problems, despite adulticide operations using modern pesticide-delivery equipment such as ULV.

Evaluation of barrier treatments on native vegetation in a southern California desert habitat.

Treating perimeters with residual insecticides for protection from mosquito vectors has shown promise. These barrier treatments are typically evaluated in temperate or tropical areas using abundant vegetation as a substrate. However, there is an emerging interest to develop this technology to protect deployed US troops in extreme desert environments with sparse vegetation.

Pharmacokinetics of the diastereoisomers of leucovorin after intravenous and oral administration to normal subjects.

After i.v. administration of d,l-, 1-5-formyltetrahydrofolate (d,l-CHO-THF) CHO-THF was rapidly cleared from the plasma by conversion to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-CH3-THF) and urinary excretion, whereas d-CHO-THF, which was not metabolized and was slowly excreted in the urine, persisted in plasma at concentrations greatly exceeding those of l-CHO-THF and 5-CH3-THF.

Comparison of arteriography, venography, and pyelography in experimental renal trauma.

Experimentally produced renal injuries are shown by arteriography, venography, and retrograde pyelography using geometric magnification techniques. Arteriography is the most satisfactory modality examined. Venography is technically more difficult and generally less sensitive than arteriography, although extravasation of contrast material was shown with equal frequency.