What does low psychological distress mean in patients with no mental disorders and different pains of the musculoskeletal system?

Objectives: The aim of this study is to define the different levels of psychological distress in patients suffering from pain and functional disorders of the musculoskeletal system.

Methods: This investigation was conducted as a retrospective study of 60 patients randomly selected of a German specialized orthopaedic hospital within the year 2016, whose therapeutic approaches are based on a non-surgical orthopaedic multimodal approach of manual therapy. All patients were suffering from pain and functional disorders of the musculoskeletal system.

Effects of anidulafungin and voriconazole, singly and in combination, on cytokine/chemokine production by human monocyte-derived macrophages infected with Candida glabrata or activated by lipopolysaccharide.

Background: Candida glabrata causes infections associated with severe sepsis, production of high concentrations of cytokines/chemokines, and high mortality. This study describes the effects of anidulafungin (ANF) and voriconazole (VRC), singly and in combination, on the production of eight cytokines/chemokines by human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) infected with C. glabrata or activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Effects of echinocandins on cytokine/chemokine production by human monocytes activated by infection with Candida glabrata or by lipopolysaccharide.

Serious Candida glabrata infections, which can be difficult to treat, are often treated with echinocandins. We compared in vitro the effects of high and low concentrations of 3 echinocandins (micafungin [MCF], caspofungin [CAS], and anidulafungin [ANF]), voriconazole (VRC), and amphotericin B (AmB), singly and VRC in combination with MCF, CAS, and ANF, on the production of cytokines/chemokines by human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). MDM were activated by infection with C.

Comparison of CLSI broth macrodilution and microdilution methods for echinocandin susceptibility testing of 5 Candida species.

In order to compare the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) broth macrodilution and microdilution methods of susceptibility testing for echinocandins and yeast, 55 strains of Candida representing 5 species were tested using the CLSI-recommended broth macro- and microdilution methods. Small (1-3 log(2)) but potentially important method-, species-, and drug-dependent differences in MICs were observed.

Post-antifungal effects and time-kill studies of anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin against Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis.

Candida glabrata (Cgl) and Candida parapsilosis (Cpa) can cause serious infections and can be resistant to some antifungal drugs. In treating infections caused by these organisms, killing rates and post-antifungal effects (PAFE) are important factors in both dose interval choice and outcome. Two strains each of Cgl and Cpa were studied.