The neuropharmacology of kratom, a novel psychoactive natural product.

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa, Korth.) is a tropical tree that is indigenous to Southeast Asia. When ingested, kratom leaves or decoctions from the leaves have been reported to produce complex stimulant and opioid-like effects.

Public Health Implications and Possible Sources of Lead (Pb) as a Contaminant of Poorly Regulated Kratom Products in the United States.

Kratom () is a tropical tree that is indigenous to Southeast Asia. Kratom leaf products have been used in traditional folk medicine for their unique combination of stimulant and opioid-like effects. Kratom is being increasingly used in the West for its reputed benefits in the treatment of pain, depression, and opioid use disorder (OUD).

In Vitro Nephrotoxicity and Permeation of Vancomycin Hydrochloride Loaded Liposomes.

Drugs can be toxic to the fetus depending on the amount that permeates across the maternal-fetal barrier. One way to limit the amount which penetrates this barrier is to increase the molecular size of the drug. In this study, we have achieved this by encapsulating our model antibiotic (vancomycin hydrochloride, a known nephrotoxic agent) in liposomes.

Vancomycin Pharmacokinetics in a Pregnancy Rat Model.

Vancomycin usage is often unavoidable in pregnant patients; however, literature suggests vancomycin can cross the placental barrier and reach the fetus. Understanding the mass transit of vancomycin to the fetus is important in pregnancy. We aimed to (i) identify a relevant population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for vancomycin in pregnancy and (ii) estimate PK parameters and describe the mass transit of vancomycin from mother to pup kidneys.