Advancing bio-filter materials for enhanced desalination in agricultural applications.

The global scarcity of irrigation-grade water poses severe concerns in the agricultural sector. Desalination techniques including reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, capacitive deionization, membrane filtration, and multi-stage flash are some dynamic solutions to mitigate this challenge. In this study, novel bio-filter materials were explored and developed for the application of membrane-based electrodialysis.