Invisible inventors. A historical overview of creative midwives and nurses.

This historical overview documents women's inventions for providing nursing care dating from 1608 to 1928. The word invention is broadly defined and includes ideas that created therapeutic activities, caregiving environments, and specific devices for care. It focuses on the creative contributions of early outstanding midwives and other practicing nurses around the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Recent EULEP dosimetry intercomparisons for whole body irradiation of mice. European Late Effects Project group.

Purpose: To foster quality assurance of dosimetry among the institutes involved in joint studies on late effects of ionizing radiation.

Materials And Methods: The participants in the dosimetry intercomparison received for each facility two mouse phantoms loaded with LiF thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLD) and a control badge. The participants were requested to irradiate the test phantoms in the actual arrangement used for whole body irradiation of mice, such that the dose in the centre of the test phantoms was 2 Gy and the dose distribution was uniform.