Starch-rich plant foods 780,000 y ago: Evidence from Acheulian percussive stone tools.

In contrast to animal foods, wild plants often require long, multistep processing techniques that involve significant cognitive skills and advanced toolkits to perform. These costs are thought to have hindered how hominins used these foods and delayed their adoption into our diets. Through the analysis of starch grains preserved on basalt anvils and percussors, we demonstrate that a wide variety of plants were processed by Middle Pleistocene hominins at the site of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov in Israel, at least 780,000 y ago.

Succinate utilisation by Salmonella is inhibited by multiple regulatory systems.

Succinate is a potent immune signalling molecule that is present in the mammalian gut and within macrophages. Both of these infection niches are colonised by the pathogenic bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium during infection. Succinate is a C4-dicarboyxlate that can serve as a source of carbon for bacteria.

Pharmacokinetics, Disposition, and Biotransformation of [C]Lenacapavir, a Novel, First-in-Class, Selective Inhibitor of HIV-1 Capsid Function, in Healthy Participants Following a Single Intravenous Infusion.

Background And Objective: Lenacapavir (LEN) is a novel, first-in-class, multistage, selective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid function recently approved for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in heavily treatment-experienced adults with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection. The purpose of this multicohort study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, metabolism, excretion, safety, and tolerability of LEN following a single intravenous (IV) infusion of 10 mg LEN or 20 mg [C]LEN in healthy participants.

Methods: Twenty-one healthy adult participants were enrolled into the study and received either a single IV dose of 10 mg LEN (n = 8 active, n = 3 placebo; cohort 1) or a single IV dose of 20 mg [C]LEN containing 200 µCi (n = 10; cohort 2).

Utility of wastewater genomic surveillance compared to clinical surveillance to track the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant across England.

The world has moved into a new stage of managing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic with minimal restrictions and reduced testing in the population, leading to reduced genomic surveillance of virus variants in individuals. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can provide an alternative means of tracking virus variants in the population but decision-makers require confidence that it can be applied to a national scale and is comparable to individual testing data. We analysed 19,911 samples from 524 wastewater sites across England at least twice a week between November 2021 and February 2022, capturing sewage from >70% of the English population.