Limited effect of ozone reductions on the 20-year photosynthesis trend at Harvard forest.

Ozone (O ) damage to leaves can reduce plant photosynthesis, which suggests that declines in ambient O concentrations ([O ]) in the United States may have helped increase gross primary production (GPP) in recent decades. Here, we assess the effect of long-term changes in ambient [O ] using 20 years of observations at Harvard forest. Using artificial neural networks, we found that the effect of the inclusion of [O ] as a predictor was slight, and independent of O concentrations, which suggests limited high-frequency O inhibition of GPP at this site.

Observed increase in local cooling effect of deforestation at higher latitudes.

Deforestation in mid- to high latitudes is hypothesized to have the potential to cool the Earth's surface by altering biophysical processes. In climate models of continental-scale land clearing, the cooling is triggered by increases in surface albedo and is reinforced by a land albedo-sea ice feedback. This feedback is crucial in the model predictions; without it other biophysical processes may overwhelm the albedo effect to generate warming instead.

CUDC-101, a multitargeted inhibitor of histone deacetylase, epidermal growth factor receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, exerts potent anticancer activity.

Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors have recently become important therapeutics for a variety of cancers. However, due to the heterogeneous and dynamic nature of tumors, the effectiveness of these agents is often hindered by poor response rates and acquired drug resistance. To overcome these limitations, we created a novel small molecule, CUDC-101, which simultaneously inhibits histone deacetylase and the receptor kinases epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in cancer cells.

Sonic hedgehog myocardial gene therapy: tissue repair through transient reconstitution of embryonic signaling.

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a crucial regulator of organ development during embryogenesis. We investigated whether intramyocardial gene transfer of naked DNA encoding human Shh (phShh) could promote a favorable effect on recovery from acute and chronic myocardial ischemia in adult animals, not only by promoting neovascularization, but by broader effects, consistent with the role of this morphogen in embryogenesis. After Shh gene transfer, the hedgehog pathway was upregulated in mammalian fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes.