Empirical test for cellular automaton models of traffic flow.

Based on a detailed microscopic test scenario motivated by recent empirical studies of single-vehicle data, several cellular automaton models for traffic flow are compared. We find three levels of agreement with the empirical data: (1) models that do not reproduce even qualitatively the most important empirical observations, (2) models that are on a macroscopic level in reasonable agreement with the empirics, and (3) models that reproduce the empirical data on a microscopic level as well. Our results are not only relevant for applications, but also shed light on the relevant interactions in traffic flow.

Pentostatin, chlorambucil and prednisone therapy for B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a phase I/II study by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study E1488.

Pentostatin is a purine nucleoside analog with demonstrated activity in low-grade lymphoid malignancies. The purpose of this study was to determine the dose of pentostatin (dCF) that could be combined with chlorambucil and prednisone to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), evaluate the toxicity of the resulting regimen and to estimate its efficacy. This was a multi-institutional Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) phase I-II study.

Single-vehicle data of highway traffic: microscopic description of traffic phases.

We present a detailed analysis of single-vehicle data, which sheds some light on the microscopic interaction of the vehicles. Besides the analysis of free flow and synchronized traffic the data sets especially provide information about wide jams that persist for a long time. The data have been collected at a location far away from ramps and in the absence of speed limits, which allows a comparison with idealized traffic simulations.

Human behavior as origin of traffic phases.

It is shown that the desire for smooth and comfortable driving is directly responsible for the occurrence of synchronized traffic in highway traffic. This desire goes beyond the avoidance of accidents, which so far has been the main focus of microscopic modeling and that is mainly responsible for the other two phases observed empirically, free flow and wide moving jams. These features have been incorporated into a microscopic model based on stochastic cellular automata by means of event-driven anticipation.

Comparison of melphalan and prednisone with vincristine, carmustine, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone in the treatment of multiple myeloma: results of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E2479.

Background: The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performed a Phase III comparison of melphalan and prednisone (MP) with vincristine, carmustine (BCNU), melphalan, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone (VBMCP) in an attempt to determine which of these regimens should be the standard treatment for multiple myeloma.

Methods: Four hundred seventy-nine previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma from 23 ECOG institutions were enrolled. Treatment, assigned by randomization, consisted of either 4-week cycles of MP or 5-week cycles of VBCMP.