Excitability of prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons is modulated by activation of intracellular type-2 cannabinoid receptors.

The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is widely expressed throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and the functionality of type-1 cannabinoid receptors in neurons is well documented. In contrast, there is little knowledge about type-2 cannabinoid receptors (CB(2)Rs) in the CNS. Here, we show that CB(2)Rs are located intracellularly in layer II/III pyramidal cells of the rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and that their activation results in IP(3)R-dependent opening of Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels.

["Gift or good?"].

The European Union and many transfusion international organizations and societies held the unpaid blood donation as an imperative for enrolling donors, not always providing the means for implementing this regulation, in particular induced by the (pharmaceutical) industry's hesitations. In spite of this, all available data, whatever former or recent, prove that the unpaid blood donation has a higher transfusion safety level than the remunerated donation's. The author also stresses that blood industrialization, while considerably improving the transfusion safety, has also destroyed the past vicinity between donor and receiver within the hospital environment, detrimental to enrolling donors.

[The practice guideline 'Blood transfusion' (third integral revision)].

The revised and expanded practice guideline 'Blood transfusion' describes the whole transfusion chain within the hospital for the first time. Despite compatibility tests before transfusion (determination of the ABO and Rhesus blood groups and detection of clinically relevant antibodies (C, c, D, E, e, Fy(a), Fy(b), Jk(a), Jk(b), M, S and s)), transfusion reactions can occur. So that a transfusion reaction can be recognised in time, the patient must be observed intensively for the first 5-10 minutes after the start of any new transfusion and the vital functions must be recorded.

WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization.

This report presents the recommendations of a WHO Expert Committee commissioned to coordinate activities leading to the adoption of international requirements for the production and control of vaccines and other biologicals and the establishment of international biological reference materials. The report starts with a discussion of general issues brought to the Committee's attention and provides information on the status and development of reference materials for various antibodies, antigens, blood products and related substances, cytokines, growth factors, and endocrinological substances. The second part of the report, of particular relevance to manufacturers and national regulatory authorities, contains recommendations for the production and quality control of meningococcal group C conjugate vaccines, guidelines for regulatory expectations for clinical evaluation of vaccines, guidelines for the production and quality control of inactivated oral cholera vaccines and guidelines on viral inactivation and removal procedures intended to assure the viral safety of human blood plasma products.

[Hemovigilance: a joint responsibility of hospitals and blood banks].

The objective of haemovigilance, a set of surveillance procedures covering the complete transfusion chain, is to collect and assess information concerning unexpected and undesirable effects arising from the therapeutic use of labile blood products, and to prevent the recurrence of such incidents. A number of guidelines and directives from national and European health authorities require hospitals to institute a haemovigilance system. Preliminary data from one blood bank region in the Netherlands reveals the various types of transfusion reactions reported.