Accessory flexor digitorum longus presenting as tarsal tunnel syndrome: a case report.

Unlabelled: The flexor digitorum accessory longus (FDAL) muscle is one of the most commonly encountered anomalous muscles in the foot and ankle. Literature has documented the prevalence of the FDAL anywhere from 4% to 12%, based on cadaveric limb dissection. The variability of the origin, insertion, size, and location of the FDAL muscle can cause a wide array of foot and ankle pathologies, most notably, tarsal tunnel syndrome and flexor hallucis longus syndrome.

The economic burden of diabetic foot and ankle disorders.

Physicians specializing in the care of patients with lower extremity disorders are acutely aware of the many adverse effects of diabetes mellitus and its secondary complications on all body systems. However, the disease has a devastating socioeconomic impact, as well. An estimated $98 billion in direct and indirect medical costs was spent on diabetes in 1997 in the United States.

Stage II flatfoot: what fails and why.

Stage II PTT dysfunction is a complex problem that has multiple treatment options. Whether it is treated nonoperatively or operatively, multiple factors affect the success of treatment. The orthopedic literature reports many factors that can lead to failure.

Thermal-assisted capsular modification for functional ankle instability.

Chronic symptoms following lateral ankle sprain occasionally requires surgical intervention. Many options are available including thermal assisted capsular modification. The authors review the history of thermal modification of tissues, the indication for use in the ankle and report their experience with a consecutive case series over a one year period.