Experience with 724 epidurograms for epidural catheter placement in pediatric anesthesia.

Introduction: Epidural analgesia via continuous catheters, placed either via the caudal approach or directly at the desired level, is a commonly used technique in children. It is particularly important that these catheters are placed correctly because most are placed under general anesthesia and require deep sedation or repeat general anesthesia for replacement if malfunctioning. Ideally, correct placement should be confirmed at the time of insertion.

Ethyl-leaded gasoline: how a classic occupational disease became an international public health disaster.

The author describes the controversy about the use of tetraethyl lead (TEL) as a gasoline additive. Early warnings were ignored by industry, and as leaded gasoline became more profitable, scientists willing to support industry were financed as guardians of the scientific criteria for lead's health impacts. Controversy erupted in 1924 after refinery accidents left workers dying from violent insanity.

Linear and nonlinear analysis of heart rate variability during propofol anesthesia for short-duration procedures in children.

Objective: To determine whether heart rate variability metrics provide an accurate method of monitoring depth of anesthesia, assessing the response to painful stimuli, and assessing neuroautonomic regulation of cardiac activity in children receiving propofol anesthesia for short-duration procedures.

Design: Prospective, case series.

Setting: Sixteen-bed pediatric intensive care unit, oncology unit, and endoscopy suite in a tertiary care children's hospital and ophthalmology examination rooms in an associated eye institute.