A convoluted path to the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in a resource-limited setting.

Worldwide, chronic hepatitis B virus infection remains the main aetiology of hepatocellular carcinoma, while human immunodeficiency virus may hasten the evolution of hepatocellular carcinoma in those co-infected with hepatitis B virus/human immunodeficiency virus. We describe a 29-year-old female with unmonitored hepatitis B virus infection for over 5 years, human immunodeficiency virus disease on a tenofovir-based antiretroviral regimen for 11 months, who presented with a 2-week history of epistaxis and abnormal vaginal bleeding, associated with unintentional weight loss of 4 months duration. After extensive investigation, a definitive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma was established based on histopathological assessment in the presence of a positive hepatitis B envelope antigen, mildly raised alpha feto-protein, and a non-cirrhotic liver.

National oral health survey Zimbabwe 1995: periodontal conditions.

Ten years after completion of the first national oral health survey, a second national oral health survey was carried out in 1995. Application of a multi-stage sampling procedure resulted in 3,709 persons being examined. WHO's oral health assessment form and CPITN index was used.

National oral health survey Zimbabwe 1995: dental caries situation.

Ten years after completion of the first national oral health survey, the second such survey was carried out in 1995. Application of a multi-stage sampling procedure resulted in 3,709 persons being examined according to the WHO oral health assessment form and criteria. The background variables studied were age, gender, type of location, socio-economic status.

National oral health survey Zimbabwe 1995: quality of restorations.

In 1995, a second national oral health survey was carried out, ten years after the first. Application of a multi-stage sampling procedure resulted in 3709 persons being examined. The restorations were assessed using the criteria described by Kroeze et al (1990).

ART restorations and glass ionomer sealants in Zimbabwe: survival after 3 years.

Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) consists of removing demineralised tooth tissues with hand instruments only, restoring the prepared cavity and sealing the adjacent pits and fissures with an adhesive filling material. This relatively painless, no-handpiece, minimal intervention approach to controlling dental caries is described. ART was applied in an oral health care programme in Zimbabwe that was carried out amongst secondary school students from 1994 to 1997.