Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Assessment and Aviation Safety Using Major Depression as a Reference.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in pilots is considered a threat to flight safety. The U.S.

Statins for the prevention of cardiovascular events associated with avian influenza: the COVID-19 pandemic as a reference.

There is growing concern that the severe respiratory disease in birds (avian influenza or 'bird flu') caused by the H5N1 influenza virus, might potentially spread more widely to humans and cause a pandemic. Here we discuss clinical issues related to human infections by the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype of the avian influenza A virus and make a clinical comparison with recent information obtained from studies of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Firstly, we consider the potential increase in cardiovascular events in humans infected with the H5N1 virus.

SARS-CoV-2 reinfection: Adding insult to dysfunctional endothelium in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

In this short narrative review, we aim at defining the pathophysiological role endothelial dysfunction in the observed COVID-19-associated rise in risk of cardiovascular disease. Variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus have caused several epidemic waves of COVID-19, and the emergence and rapid spread of new variants and subvariants are likely. Based on a large cohort study, the incidence rate of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection is about 0.

Coronary microcirculatory dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic patients with COVID-19: potential benefit from cholesterol-lowering treatment.

Patients with hypercholesterolemia often have coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD). Viral infections, such as the SARS-CoV-2 infection, may also result in CMD. Three non-randomized studies have shown significant beneficial effects of statins on CMD in non-infected patients.

Familial hypercholesterolemia: The nexus of endothelial dysfunction and lipoprotein metabolism in COVID-19.

Purpose Of Review: Patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) are at increased risk for COVID-19 cardiovascular complications in the acute phase of the infection. Elevated levels of LDL-C and often lipoprotein(a) are present from birth and lead to endothelial dysfunction, which is aggravated by a direct viral attack of the endothelial cells and their exposure to the toxic levels of circulating proinflammatory and prothrombotic mediators during the hyperinflammatory reaction typical of COVID-19.

Recent Findings: Evidence to date shows the benefit of lipid-lowering therapy in patients with COVID-19.

Familial Hypercholesterolemia Patients with COVID-19-Effective Cholesterol-Lowering Therapy is Urgent both during and after Infection.

Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) patients are the prime example of subjects who are at high risk for both acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and ischemic stroke during, and post, SARS-CoV-2 infection. HeFH , if left untreated, results in premature clinical atherosclerosis often presenting in the fourth or fifth decade of life. The other concern in HeFH is endothelial dysfunction which is already evident from early childhood.

Maleficent Comrades: War in Ukraine and COVID-19.

Infectious diseases and war are maleficent comrades. This reality applies equally well to the war in Ukraine and the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Europe is facing a huge refugee crisis and potentially the conflict could worsen the COVID-19 pandemic.

Cholesterol-lowering drugs for high-risk hypercholesterolemia patients with COVID-19 while on Paxlovid™ therapy.

Paxlovid™ is a promising antiviral oral medication for patients at a high risk of a severe form of COVID-19. Regarding COVID-19 patients who have hypercholesterolemia and are at high or very high risk for an acute atherothrombotic cardiovascular event, we are highlighting patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia as an example of severe hypercholesterolemia. Unfortunately, the concomitant use of Paxlovid and a statin, which is highly dependent on cytochrome P4507A (CYP3A) for clearance, may result in significant drug interactions.

Continuation of fibrate therapy in patients with metabolic syndrome and COVID-19: a beneficial regime worth pursuing.

Based on separate protective mechanisms related to lipid metabolism, viral cell entry and inflammation, fibrate treatment might be advantageous among patients who have been taking fibrates before SARS-CoV-2 infection and continue taking them during the infection. Based on published data on hospitalized COVID-19 patients, we recommend that the clinicians should ask their patients with metabolic syndrome who are already taking fibrates to continue fibrate treatment during the COVID-19 illness. This recommendation applies to both outpatients and hospitalized patients.

Airborne particles and cardiovascular morbidity in severe inherited hypercholesterolemia: Vulnerable endothelium under multiple attacks.

Despite recent advances in the research related to air pollution and associated adverse cardiovascular events, the combined effects of air pollution, climate change, and SARS-CoV-2 infection on cardiovascular health need to be researched further. This Commentary addresses their impacts on cardiovascular health in the approximately 25 million people with a severe form of inherited hypercholesterolemia, called familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). The arterial endothelium in these individuals is potentially under multiple attacks caused by particles of both endogenous and exogenous origin.

Prevention of Cardiovascular Burden in COVID-19 Patients Suffering from Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Global Challenge.

A recent meta-analysis of over 20,000 individuals showed that hospitalized COVID-19 patients with acute myocardial injury had more than fourfold higher mortality than those without such injury. Since the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbates already existing health inequalities, there is an urgent need to create measures to protect the most vulnerable patient groups, including those with a pre-existing increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). A typical example is familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a common genetic disease affecting over 30 million individuals worldwide.

Familial hypercholesterolemia and COVID-19: A menacing but treatable vasculopathic condition.

SARS-CoV-2 infection continues to cause increased morbidity and mortality, and due to the slow pace of vaccination COVID-19 will probably remain a global burden to health systems for a long time. Unfortunately, the necessary prevention and treatment strategies of COVID-19 have led to restriction measures that are hampering the routine care of common chronic metabolic conditions like hypercholesterolemia. It is of particular concern that during the acute phase of COVID-19, the control of pre-existing metabolic diseases tends to get worse which again increases the risk for complications and a poor outcome in these patients.