Fluorescence-tagged salivary small extracellular vesicles as a nanotool in early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.

Background: Parkinson's disease is generally asymptomatic at earlier stages. At an early stage, there is an extensive progression in the neuropathological hallmarks, although, at this stage, diagnosis is not possible with currently available diagnostic methods. Therefore, the pressing need is for susceptibility risk biomarkers that can aid in better diagnosis and therapeutics as well can objectively serve to measure the endpoint of disease progression.

Measuring gender attitudes: Developing and testing Implicit Association Tests for adolescents in India.

We develop and test gender attitude measures conducted with a school-based sample of adolescents aged 14-17 years in India. We test a measure with survey items and vignettes to capture gender-based value and stereotypes, an Implicit Association Test (IAT) capturing gender-based value, and an IAT capturing gender stereotype. All demonstrate good internal reliability, and both IATs are significantly associated with our survey measure suggesting criterion validity, though not confirming it due to the lack of a gold standard measure on gender attitudes.