2,4-D-based herbicide underdoses cause mortality, malformations, and nuclear abnormalities in Physalaemus cuvieri tadpoles.

Amphibians are considered bioindicators of the environment due to their high sensitivity and involvement in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In the last two decades, 2,4-D has been one of the most widely used herbicides in Brazil and around the world, as its use has been authorized for genetically modified crops and therefore has been detected in surface and groundwater. Against this background, the aim of this work was to investigate the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of 2,4-D-based herbicides on survival, malformations, swimming activity, presence of micronuclei and erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities in Physalaemus cuvieri tadpoles.

Mortality and toxicity of a commercial formulation of cypermethrin in Physalaemus gracilis tadpoles.

This study evaluated the lethal, sublethal, and toxic of a commercial formulation of cypermethrin in the anuran species Physalaemus gracilis. In the acute test, concentrations of 100-800 μg L were tested over 96 h. In the chronic test, cypermethrin concentrations recorded in nature (1, 3, 6, and 20 μg L) were tested for mortality and then used for the micronucleus test and erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities over a 7-days period.

Cypermethrin- and fipronil-based insecticides cause biochemical changes in Physalaemus gracilis tadpoles.

Insecticides used for agricultural pest control, as cypermethrin-based insecticide (CBI) and fipronil-based insecticide (FBI), are constant threats to non-target aquatic organisms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of cypermethrin and fipronil on neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in Physalaemus gracilis. Physalaemus gracilis tadpoles were exposed to five insecticide concentrations and a control treatment, with six replicates.

Morphological and biochemical traits and mortality in Physalaemus gracilis (Anura: Leptodactylidae) tadpoles exposed to the insecticide chlorpyrifos.

Organophosphate insecticides such as chlorpyrifos are commonly detected in surface waters around the world, where they are highly toxic to many organisms. The frog Physalaemus gracilis uses water sources located in open fields as reproductive sites, where it is exposed to insecticides. The study aimed to evaluate the lethal and sublethal effect of a commercial chlorpyrifos formulation on P.