Too much of a good thing? A multilevel examination of listening to music at work.

Music listening has proliferated in the workplace, yet its effects have been overlooked, and classic investigations offer conflicting results. To advance our understanding, we draw from self-regulation and resource allocation theories to suggest that listening to music has curvilinear effects on attentional focus and performance on work tasks and that willpower belief is a key boundary condition. We test these hypotheses across three studies: a pilot study of 108 employees from a software company who took part in a 2-week experience-sampling methodology study and self-rated their music listening and performance, a laboratory study (Study 1) of 252 undergraduate students in which task attentional focus and objective performance on proofreading tasks were captured across repeated trials while listening to music, and a 3-week experience-sampling methodology study (Study 2) of 247 employees that included a within-person manipulation of music listening (little to no music vs.

Individualized Compared With Standard Postdischarge Oxycodone Prescribing After Cesarean Birth: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: To evaluate whether individualized postdischarge oxycodone prescribing guided by inpatient opioid use reduces the number of unused opioid tablets after cesarean birth.

Methods: We conducted a randomized, controlled trial of women aged 18 years or older undergoing cesarean birth. Participants were randomized at discharge in a 1:1 ratio to a standard (30 tablets of 5 mg oxycodone) or an individualized oxycodone prescription (predicted based on each patient's inpatient opioid use).

A social ecological assessment of physical activity among urban adolescents.

Objectives: To examine the physical, social and temporal contexts of physical activity, as well as sex variations of the associations among 314 urban adolescents.

Methods: Three-day physical activity recall measured contextual information of physical activities. Logistic regressions and generalized estimating equation models examined associations among physical activity types and contexts, and sex differences.

Neighborhood environment, self-efficacy, and physical activity in urban adolescents.

Objectives: To test the pathways between perceptions of built environment factors and physical activity in urban youth.

Methods: Three hundred fifty high school students' perceptions of neighborhood, and barrier self efficacy were measured by a Web survey. Physical activities were assessed using a one-week diary and accelerometers.

The neighborhood recreational environment and physical activity among urban youth: an examination of public and private recreational facilities.

Recreational facility availability has been shown to associate positively with youth physical activity levels. Nonetheless, little is known about additional facility characteristics affecting their use for physical activity as well as differences between private and public facilities. This study examines (1) perceptions and use of public and private recreational facilities and (2) environmental and individual-level correlates of both facility use and physical activity among urban adolescents.

Peers, tobacco advertising, and secondhand smoke exposure influences smoking initiation in diverse adolescents.

Purpose: Identify demographic, social, and environmental factors associated with smoking initiation in a large, racially and ethnically diverse sample of underage youth participating in the 2006 Maryland Youth Tobacco Survey.

Design: Cross-sectional, multistage, probability sample survey.

Setting: Schools (308 middle and high schools) in Maryland.

Involvement of the orexin/hypocretin system in ethanol conditioned place preference.

Rationale: Recent studies suggest that orexin/hypocretin is involved in drug reward and drug-seeking behaviors, including ethanol self-administration. However, orexin's role in ethanol-induced seeking behaviors remains unclear.

Objective: These studies examined the role of orexin in the acquisition and expression of ethanol conditioned place preference (CPP) using the orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) antagonist SB-334867.

Master plans for pedestrian and bicycle transportation: community characteristics.

Background: Recent research demonstrates the importance of targeting the built environment to support individual physical activity, particularly for people experiencing health disparities. Master plans to promote biking and/or pedestrians (BPMPs) are a potential method for environmental change. This descriptive study aims to provide a snapshot of plan attributes and better understand demographic, social and transportation characteristics of communities with BPMPs.

An analysis of state legislation on community trails.

Background: Trails provide opportunities for recreation, transportation and activity. The purpose of this article is to describe state legislation related to community trails, to analyze legislation content, and to evaluate legislation on inclusion of evidence-informed elements.

Methods: State trail legislation from 2001 to 2008 was identified using online legislative databases.

Neighborhood socioeconomic status and non school physical activity and body mass index in adolescent girls.

Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) has well known associations with a variety of health conditions and behaviors in adults but is unknown in adolescents.

Methods: Multilevel analysis was conducted to examine the associations between individual and neighborhood-level measures of SES and physical activity and body mass index in a sample of 1554 6th grade girls selected at random from 36 middle schools across 6 geographic regions in the United States that participated in the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG). Data on parental education and employment, and receipt of subsidized school lunch were collected by questionnaire.

Neighborhood design and perceptions: relationship with active commuting.

Purpose: Walking to and from school contributes to total physical activity levels. This study investigated whether perceived and actual neighborhood features were associated with walking to or from school among adolescent girls.

Methods: A sample of geographically diverse eighth-grade girls (N = 890) from the Trial of Activity in Adolescent Girls (TAAG) study living within 1.

The effect of Diprivan (propofol) on phosphorylcholine surfaces during cardiopulmonary bypass--an in vitro investigation.

It is well known that extracorporeal surfaces have the ability to bind such drugs as fentanyl, nitroglycerine and propofol. Adsorption of the injectable anesthetic agent Diprivan (propofol) onto uncoated and heparin-coated extracorporeal surfaces during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been previously investigated; however, propofol adsorption onto synthetic-coated extracorporeal surfaces has not been published previously. The focus of this investigation was on the interaction of propofol and the synthetic biomimetic coating from the Sorin Group called Mimesys (phosphorylcholine (PC)).

"Do you see what I see?" - correlates of multidimensional measures of neighborhood types and perceived physical activity-related neighborhood barriers and facilitators for urban youth.

Objectives: To classify types of neighborhood environment and to examine the gender-specific cross-sectional associations between these neighborhood types and adolescents' perceptions of physical activity-related neighborhood barriers and facilitators.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 350 high school students in Baltimore, Maryland, in 2006. Participants completed the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS).

A quantitative examination of park characteristics related to park use and physical activity among urban youth.

Purpose: Although several studies have identified a positive association between recreational facility availability and physical activity, few have examined facility attributes beyond availability and involved minority adolescents. This study examines how both objective and perceived measures of the facility environment are associated with urban adolescents' use of parks and physical activity.

Methods: Study participants included 329 adolescents from two high schools in Baltimore, Maryland, the majority (69%) of whom was African American.

Post-arterial filter gaseous microemboli activity of five integral cardiotomy reservoirs during venting: an in vitro study.

During a previously published study on gaseous microemboli (GMEs) and perfusionist interventions, it was noted that emboli could be detected after the arterial filter when blood/air challenges entered the membrane oxygenator's integral cardiotomy. The findings indicated that further study into the oxygenator's integral cardiotomy reservoir was warranted. This is the first know published report that connects the vent return to GME activity after the arterial filter.

The environment and urban adolescents' use of recreational facilities for physical activity: a qualitative study.

Purpose: Investigate environmental factors influencing the use of recreational facilities for physical activity by urban African-American adolescents.

Design: Qualitative in-depth interviews and direct observation.

Setting: Two public high schools and 24 public recreational facilities in Baltimore, Maryland.

Depressive symptoms and physical activity in adolescent girls.

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between depressive symptoms and physical activity in a geographically and ethnically diverse sample of sixth-grade adolescent girls.

Methods: The Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG) baseline measurement included a random sample (N = 1721) of sixth-grade girls in 36 schools at six field sites. Measurements were accelerometry and the 3-d Physical Activity Recall (3DPAR) for physical activity, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) for depressive symptoms.

Adolescents' perceptions of environmental influences on physical activity.

Objectives: To examine African American adolescents' perceptions of environmental influences on physical activity and identify physical activity promotion strategies.

Methods: Concept mapping with 50 adolescents was used to obtain cluster maps of conceptual domains affecting physical activity.

Results: Seven domains were identified, including physical activity settings, social support, negative social influences, parental control, negative environmental influences, transportation and technology issues, and financial issues.

Commercial venues as supports for physical activity in adolescent girls.

Objective: The purposes of this study were to describe the types and availability of commercial facilities for physical activity (PA) in six diverse geographic areas (Washington DC and Maryland; South Carolina; Minnesota; Louisiana; Arizona; and California) and to assess the relationship between those facilities and the non-school PA of adolescent girls.

Methods: A total of 1556 6th grade girls participating in the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG) wore accelerometers for 7 days providing 6 days of complete data, completed questionnaires in 2003 and had their residential addresses geocoded. Nearby commercial facilities available to provide PA (i.

Girls' perception of neighborhood factors on physical activity, sedentary behavior, and BMI.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the association of perceived physical neighborhood factors with physical activity, sedentary behavior, and BMI among adolescent girls.

Research Methods And Procedures: Sixth grade girls (n = 1554) completed a questionnaire on neighborhood factors (e.g.

Associations between family support, family intimacy, and neighborhood violence and physical activity in urban adolescent girls.

We examined the association between various dimensions of the family environment, including family intimacy and involvement in activities, family support for physical activity, and neighborhood violence (perceived and objective) and physical activity among urban, predominantly African American, ninth-grade girls in Baltimore, Md. Greater family intimacy (P = .05) and support (P = .

Girls' perception of physical environmental factors and transportation: reliability and association with physical activity and active transport to school.

Background: Preliminary evidence suggests that the physical environment and transportation are associated with youth physical activity levels. Only a few studies have examined the association of physical environmental factors on walking and bicycling to school. Therefore, the purpose of this study was (1) to examine the test-retest reliability of a survey designed for youth to assess perceptions of physical environmental factors (e.

The relationship between unsupervised time after school and physical activity in adolescent girls.

Background: Rising obesity and declining physical activity levels are of great concern because of the associated health risks. Many children are left unsupervised after the school day ends, but little is known about the association between unsupervised time and physical activity levels. This paper seeks to determine whether adolescent girls who are without adult supervision after school are more or less active than their peers who have a caregiver at home.

Self-perceived barriers to activity participation among sedentary adolescent girls.

Purpose: Potential barriers to activity participation were surveyed among adolescent girls and corroborated with other reported information.

Methods: Among 2379 black and white girls enrolled in the NHLBI Growth and Health Study since ages 9 or 10 yr, those reporting weekly activity frequency as "sometimes" or "rarely" were surveyed for three consecutive years from ages 16 or 17 yr. Barriers to activity were assessed using a 10-item questionnaire.

Proximity to School and Physical Activity Among Middle School Girls: The Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls Study.

Background: Proximity to routine destinations is an important correlate of physical activity. We examined the association between distance from school and physical activity in adolescent girls.

Methods: We mapped the addresses of 1554 sixth-grade girls who participated in the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG) Study and calculated the shortest distance from home to school along the street network.