Layer-by-Layer Deposition: A Promising Environmentally Benign Flame-Retardant Treatment for Cotton, Polyester, Polyamide and Blended Textiles.

A detailed review of recent developments of layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition as a promising approach to reduce flammability of the most widely used fibers (cotton, polyester, polyamide and their blends) is presented. LbL deposition is an emerging green technology, showing numerous advantages over current commercially available finishing processes due to the use of water as a solvent for a variety of active substances. For flame-retardant (FR) purposes, different ingredients are able to build oppositely charged layers at very low concentrations in water (e.

Glucocorticoid pathway polymorphisms and diabetes after kidney transplantation.

Aims: To find possible associations between new-onset diabetes after transplantation and polymorphisms in glucocorticoid pathway.

Materials And Methods: A total of 290 patients from our national cohort of kidney transplant patients with functioning graft transplanted in 6 consecutive years (2010 - 2015) were included in the study. All patients were genotyped for polymorphisms in genes coding for glucocorticoid receptor ( rs33389, rs6198 and rs33388), P-glycoprotein ( rs1045642, rs1128503, and rs2032582), and glutathione S-transferase P1 ( rs1695 and rs1138272).

The development of a novel smart material based on colloidal microgels and cotton.

Colloidal microgels are often described as "smart" due to their ability to undergo quite dramatic conformational changes in response to a change in their environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, pH).

Synergistic chemo-enzymatic hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) from textile waste.

Due to the rising global environment protection awareness, recycling strategies that comply with the circular economy principles are needed. Polyesters are among the most used materials in the textile industry; therefore, achieving a complete poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) hydrolysis in an environmentally friendly way is a current challenge. In this work, a chemo-enzymatic treatment was developed to recover the PET building blocks, namely terephthalic acid (TA) and ethylene glycol.

Cyclodextrin-grafted cellulose: physico-chemical characterization.

Cyclodextrins (CDs) can form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of molecules making them very attractive in different areas, such as pharmaceutics, biochemistry, food chemistry and textile. In this communication we will report on the physico-chemical characterization of cellulose modified with CDs by means of infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), cross polarization magic angle spinning solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS NMR), polarized optical microscopy (POM) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Both CP-MAS NMR and FTIR indicate that CDs are chemically attached to cellulose backbone through the formation of ester bonds.

The study of release of chlorhexidine from preparations with modified thermosensitive poly-N-isopropylacrylamide microspheres.

The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the release rates of chlorhexidine (CX) base entrapped in the polymeric beads of modified poly-N-isopropylacrylamides (pNIPAMs) at temperatures below and over the volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) of synthesized polymers: pNIPAM-A with terminal anionic groups resulting from potassium persulfate initiator, pNIPAM-B with cationic amidine terminal groups, and pNIPAM-C comprising anionic terminals, but with increased hydrophobicity maintained by the N-tert-butyl functional groups. The preparations, assessed in vitro below the VPTT, release an initial burst of CX at different time periods between 120 and 240 min, followed by a period of 24 h, when the rate of release remains approximately constant, approaching the zero-order kinetics; the release rates for the polymers beads are as follows: pNIPAM-C>pNIPAM-B>pNIPAM-A. The pattern of release rates at temperature over the VPTT is as follows: pNIPAM-C>pNIPAM-A>pNIPAM-B.

The influence of increased cross-linker chain length in thermosensitive microspheres on potential sun-protection activity.

The sun protection should involve substances with protecting activity against both UVB and UVA radiation. In this research the evaluation of thermosensitive microspheres as potential molecules for sunscreen formulations was approached, using modified Boots star rating system. The microspheres, thermosensitive N-isopropylacrylamide derivatives, have potential protecting activity against UV radiation.

Evaluation of thermosensitive microspheres as potential components for sun-protectors.

In this study thermosensitive polymeric microspheres obtained in former research were evaluated in vitro for their photoprotective activity. The UVA/UVB ratio was assessed at so called shelf temperature, i.e.

Effect of ionic and non-ionic polymer on the pH of lidocaine hydrochloride preparation assessed below and over human skin surface temperature.

Lidocaine is widely accepted local anesthetic, which is applied in the form of freely soluble hydrochloride salt. In this study we evaluated the pH of respective solutions of lidocaine hydrochloride with ionic polymer--polyacrylic acid or non-ionic polymer--methylcellulose, and compared to physiological skin conditions in the range between 22 degrees C and 41 degrees C. In microscopic observation of lidocaine hydrochloride preparations with polyacrylic acid the micro-sedimentation was revealed, however obtained mixture was opalescent, and homogenously dispersed in aqueous environment.

The influence of anionic and non-ionic polymer on adjustment of pH of chlorhexidine preparation including respective solubility aspect.

The solubility of chlorhexidine is highly dependent on the salt present in solution. The aim of present research was evaluation of the effect of two polymers: polyacrylic acid and methylcellulose on the pH of resulting preparation, containing chlorhexidine. Also the solubility aspect was considered in the discussion, as an helpful issue in development in drug form technology.

The use of conductometric assessments for development of pulsed release of lidocaine hydrochloride from thermosensitive N-isopropylacrylamide microgels.

The aim of present work was preliminary assessment of the conductivity changes in aqueous compartment, consisting oflidocaine hydrochloride, and N-isopropylacrylamide derivative microgel, during increasing the temperature between 25 degrees and 42 degrees C, as a prerequisite to demonstrate the possibility of applying this microgel for pulsed release of lidocaine hydrochloride, when increased temperature is applied. Conductivity of respective systems composed of polymer and lidocaine hydrochloride were assigned as PNM I-LD, PNM II-LD, and PNM III-LD: obtained values were in the ranges: 39,91 microS/cm - 53,30 microS/cm in the 25 degrees C temperature, 46,14 microS/cm - 56,16 microS/cm in the temperature of 32 degrees C, and 53,30 microS/cm - 118,42 microS/cm at 42 degrees C. During heating or cooling of the microgels derivatives of N-isopropylacrylamide, there is possibility to obtain pulsed release of lidocaine hydrochloride from the polymeric bead in the range between 25 degrees C and 42 degrees C, according to the conductivity measurements.

The conductivity measurements applied for the evaluation of controlled release of chlorhexidine from thermosensitive N-isopropylacrylamide derivative microgels.

The aim of the work was the evaluation of the conductivity changes in aqueous environment, consisting of chlorhexidine, and N-isopropylacrylamide derivative microgel, during increasing the temperature between 25 degrees C and 42 degrees C, as a prerequisite to develop the this microgel for controlled release of chlorhexidine, when alterations in temperature are involved. Conductivity of studied systems underwent specific alterations, when temperature increased. For the system with polymer PNM I the values of conductivity were in the range 104,47 microS/cm - 134,70 microS/ cm, for temperature range 25 degrees C and 42 degrees C.

The pH changes of diluted dispersions of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) below and over the LCST in the presence of chlorhexidine.

The pH of diluted aqueous dispersions of modified poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) with chlorhexidine was evaluated, at normalized skin surface temperature, as well below and over the lower critical solution temperature value. Three different poly-N-isopropylacrylamides were synthesized by surfactant free emulsion polymerization. They were evaluated in the terms of pH in the aqueous dispersions in the presence of chlorhexidine.

The influence of lidocaine hydrochloride on environmental pH changes of diluted dispersions of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) below and over the LCST.

In this study we assessed the influence of lidocaine hydrochloride on the pH of diluted aqueous dispersions of modified poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), at temperature assigned as normalized skin surface temperature, and below and over the lower critical solution temperature value. Three different N-isopropylacrylamide polymer derivatives were synthesized by surfactant free emulsion polymerization, and assessed in the terms of pH in the aqueous dispersions in the presence and absence oflidocaine hydrochloride. The tendency in observed system was similar at three different temperatures, when lidocaine was applied.

The application of conductivity measurements for preliminary assessments of chlorhexidine and lidocaine hydrochloride release from methylcellulose gel at various temperatures.

For the evaluation of conductivity measurements in the control and monitoring of release process, high number of conductivity measurements was performed. The measurements were done for the compositions of chlorhexidine with methylcellulose, and lidocaine hydrochloride with methylcellulose. Chlorhexidine, a very slightly soluble substance is released from the methylcellulose bead in the amounts ca.

The preliminary assessment of chlorhexidine and lidocaine release from preparations of anionic polymer, evaluated by the conductivity measurements.

The aim of this work was the evaluation of conductivity assessments for the monitoring and controlling the release study process of chlorhexidine and lidocaine hydrochloride from the ionic polyacrylic gel, applying different temperatures. According to performed measurements of release, the chlorhexidine, characterized by very low water solubility, is observed in the acceptor compartment in the amount of 2.0-3.

The antimicrobial reagent role on the degradation of model cellulose film.

The effect of the antimicrobial agent TMPAC (3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride) on the cellulase activity on model cellulose substrate was investigated by in situ-null ellipsometry. The cellulases used were extracted from Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger, and the model cellulose film was prepared by spin-coating silicon oxide wafers with cellulose solubilized in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide/dimethyl sulfoxide solution. Upon enzyme addition to the previously equilibrated cellulose film, the initial enzyme adsorption on the substrate was followed by an overall decrease in film mass owing to enzymatic digestion of the cellulose.