DNA repair and anti-cancer mechanisms in the long-lived bowhead whale.

At over 200 years, the maximum lifespan of the bowhead whale exceeds that of all other mammals. The bowhead is also the second-largest animal on Earth, reaching over 80,000 kg. Despite its very large number of cells and long lifespan, the bowhead is not highly cancer-prone, an incongruity termed Peto's Paradox.

Quantifying human genome parameters in aging.

Healthy human longevity is a global goal of the world health system. Determining the causes and processes influencing human longevity is the primary fundamental goal facing the scientific community. Currently, the main efforts of the scientific community are aimed at identifying the qualitative characteristics of the genome that determine the trait.

Current Trends and Approaches to the Search for Genetic Determinants of Aging and Longevity.

Unlabelled: Aging is a natural process of extinction of the body and the main aspect that determines the life expectancy for individuals who have survived to the post-reproductive period. The process of aging is accompanied by certain physiological, immune, and metabolic changes in the body, as well as the development of age-related diseases. The contribution of genetic factors to human life expectancy is estimated at about 25-30%.

Sputum Microbiome Composition in Patients with Squamous Cell Lung Carcinoma.

Background: Recent findings indicate that the host microbiome can have a significant impact on the development of lung cancer by inducing an inflammatory response, causing dysbiosis, and generating genome damage. The aim of this study was to search for bacterial communities specifically associated with squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC).

Methods: In this study, the taxonomic composition of the sputum microbiome of 40 men with untreated LUSC was compared with that of 40 healthy controls.

Chemical Composition and Toxicity of PM and PM Samples near Open-Pit Mines and Coal Power Stations.

Particulate matter (PM) <10 μm in size represents an extremely heterogeneous and variable group of objects that can penetrate the human respiratory tract. The present study aimed to isolate samples of coarse and ultrafine PM at some distance from polluting industries (1−1.5 km from the border of open-cast mines).

Sputum Microbiota in Coal Workers Diagnosed with Pneumoconiosis as Revealed by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing.

Coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP) is an occupationally induced progressive fibrotic lung disease. This irreversible but preventable disease currently affects millions across the world, mainly in countries with developed coal mining industries. Here, we report a pilot study that explores the sputum microbiome as a potential non-invasive bacterial biomarker of CWP status.

Short/long-term cryopreservation prior to comet assay of whole-blood leukocytes and -cultured lung fibroblasts.

Single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) is a valuable test that can be used in ecotoxicological, epidemiological, and biomonitoring contexts. We assessed the effects of short- (without cryopreservation) and long-term (with cryopreservation) storage of DMEM-cultivated human peripheral blood leukocytes (HPBLs) and a human lung fibroblast cell line (FLECH-104) on comet assay results. Samples were stored for 6 or 24 h at room temperature (23°С) or 4 °C and frozen at -80 °C or -196 °C for 1, 2, or 4 weeks.

Genetic damage in lymphocytes of lung cancer patients is correlated to the composition of the respiratory tract microbiome.

Recent findings indicate that the microbiome may have significant impact on the development of lung cancer by its effects on inflammation, dysbiosis or genome damage. The aim of this study was to compare the sputum microbiome of lung cancer (LC) patients with the chromosomal aberration (CA) and micronuclei (MN) frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes. In the study, the taxonomic composition of the sputum microbiome of 66 men with untreated LC were compared with 62 control subjects with respect to CA and MN frequency and centromere fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis.

Investigation of the genotoxic effects of fluoride on a bone tissue model.

Fluorides are thought to be a major cause of osteocarcinogenesis, due to their widespread industrial use, ability to accumulate in bone tissue, and genotoxic and probable carcinogenic properties. In vitro experiments investigating the genotoxic potential of fluorides in bone tissue models can provide valuable indirect information on their involvement in osteocarcinogenesis. Here, we investigated whether sodium fluoride (NaF) has the ability to induce DNA damage and chromosomal abnormalities in human osteosarcoma cells after 48 and 72 h of exposure.

Taxonomic diversity of sputum microbiome in lung cancer patients and its relationship with chromosomal aberrations in blood lymphocytes.

Here we report a pilot-sized study to compare the taxonomic composition of sputum microbiome in 17 newly-diagnosed lung cancer (LC) patients and 17 controls. Another object was to compare the representation of individual bacterial genera and species in sputum with the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in the blood lymphocytes of LC patients and in controls. Both groups were male; average age 56.

Associations of polymorphisms in the cytokine genes IL1β (rs16944), IL6 (rs1800795), IL12b (rs3212227) and growth factor VEGFA (rs2010963) with anthracosilicosis in coal miners in Russia and related genotoxic effects.

Anthracosilicosis (AS), a prevalent form of pneumoconiosis among coal miners, results from the accumulation of carbon and silica in the lungs from inhaled coal dust. This study investigated genotoxic effects and certain cytokine genes polymorphic variants in Russian coal miners with АS. Peripheral leukocytes were sampled from 129 patients with AS confirmed by X-ray and tissue biopsy and from 164 asymptomatic coal miners.

Assessment of DNA damage in underground coal miners using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Coal miners are exposed to coal dust, containing mineral particles, inorganic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and to ionizing radiation. These factors can induce oxidative stress and promote inflammation that leads to DNA damage. The aim of this investigation is to analyse the degree of DNA damage in miners working in underground coal mines in Kemerovo Region (Russian Federation) using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN) in peripheral blood lymphocytes.

DNA excision repair and double-strand break repair gene polymorphisms and the level of chromosome aberration in children with long-term exposure to radon.

Purpose: To study polymorphic variants of repair genes in people affected by long-term exposure to radon. The chromosome aberration frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes was used as the biological marker of genotoxicity.

Materials And Methods: Genotyping of 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA repair genes (APE, XRCC1, OGG1, ADPRT, XpC, XpD, XpG, Lig4 and NBS1) was performed in children with long-term resident exposure to radon.

Chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes of lung cancer patients exposed to radon and air pollution.

Lung cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer. The aim of this study was to validate chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes of lung cancer patients living in a region with high air pollution and increased background radon levels as a biomarker of cancer risk. A total of 417 lung cancer patients and 468 control participants were analysed using a chromosome aberration assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Lymphocytes with multiple chromosomal damages in a large cohort of West Siberia residents: Results of long-term monitoring.

Cells with specific multiple chromosome aberrations, defined as rogue cells (RC) have been described in different populations, predominantly those exposed to radiation. The frequency, etiology and related health risks have still not been elucidated due to their low frequency of occurrences and rarely performed studies. This study reports RC frequency using chromosome aberration (CA) assay in peripheral lymphocytes in the group of 3242 subjects, during a 30-year long follow-up study in a general rural and urban population, children environmentally exposed to radon, occupationally exposed population and lung cancer patients from the Kemerovo region (Siberia, Russian Federation).

Modifying influence of occupational inflammatory diseases on the level of chromosome aberrations in coal miners.

Coal miners are exposed to a wide range of genotoxic agents that can induce genome damage. In addition, miners are characterised by a high risk of the initiation of different occupational inflammatory as well as non-inflammatory diseases. The aim of this investigation is to analyse the modifying influence of occupational pulmonary inflammatory diseases on the level of chromosome aberrations (CAs) in miners working in underground coal mines in Kemerovo Region (Russian Federation).

[Genotoxic effects of occupational environment in Kuzbass miners].

The authors studied chromosomal aberrations in blood lymphocytes of 100 miners in coal mines of Kuznetsk coal field, with underground length of service over 15 years. Reference data were collected by cytogenetic analysis in a group of workers with long length of service in Kemerovo thermal power plant, contacting coal dust (n = 104) and in healthy males of the same age group, residents of Kemerovo city, without occupational contact with mutagenes (n = 194). The miners appeared to have maximal frequency of structural chromosomal injuries--5.

Assessing the level of chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes in long-term resident children under conditions of high exposure to radon and its decay products.

In this study, the frequency and spectrum of chromosomal aberrations were analysed in samples of peripheral blood from 372 (mean age = 12.24 ± 2.60 years old) long-term resident children in a boarding school (Tashtagol city, Kemerovo Region, Russian Federation) under conditions of high exposure to radon and its decay products.