Diabetes screening among women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a descriptive study of commercial claims, 2011-2019.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that affects 6-12% of United States women of reproductive age. Because women with PCOS are at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, clinical practice guidelines from a number of organizations (e.g.

extracellular replication of endobacteria.

Obligate intracellular endobacteria of the genus are widespread in arthropods and several filarial nematodes. Control programs for vector-borne diseases (dengue, Zika, malaria) and anti-filarial therapy with antibiotics are based on this important endosymbiont. Investigating , however, is impeded by the need for host cells.

Converging forms: an examination of sub-Arctic, circumarctic, and Central Asian agg. populations.

Introduction: Phenotypic complexity in species complexes and recently radiated lineages has resulted in a diversity of forms that have historically been classified into separate taxa. Increasingly, with the proliferation of high-throughput sequencing methods, additional layers of complexity have been recognized, such as frequent hybridization and reticulation, which may call into question the previous morphological groupings of closely related organisms.

Methods: We investigated Northern European, Asian, and Beringian populations of agg.

Diabetes screening among women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A descriptive study of commercial claims, 2011-2019.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that affects 6-12% of United States women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS are at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and fall into high-risk groups according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) screening guidelines. Guidelines further indicate that an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) should be used for diabetes screening in women with PCOS instead of an A1C or fasting plasma glucose test.

Efficient Estimates of Surface Diffusion Parameters for Spatio-Temporally Resolved Virus Replication Dynamics.

Advanced methods of treatment are needed to fight the threats of virus-transmitted diseases and pandemics. Often, they are based on an improved biophysical understanding of virus replication strategies and processes in their host cells. For instance, an essential component of the replication of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) proceeds under the influence of nonstructural HCV proteins (NSPs) that are anchored to the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), such as the NS5A protein.

Combination drug screen identifies synergistic drug interaction of BCL-XL and class I histone deacetylase inhibitors in MYC-amplified medulloblastoma cells.

Purpose: Patients with MYC-amplified Group 3 medulloblastoma (MB) (subtype II) show poor progression-free survival rates. Class I histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are highly effective for the treatment of MYC-amplified MB in vitro and in vivo. Drug combination regimens including class I HDACi may represent an urgently needed novel treatment approach for this high risk disease.

Class I HDAC inhibition reduces DNA damage repair capacity of MYC-amplified medulloblastoma cells.

Purpose: MYC-driven Group 3 medulloblastoma (MB) (subtype II) is a highly aggressive childhood brain tumor. Sensitivity of MYC-driven MB to class I histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) has been previously demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. In this study we characterize the transcriptional effects of class I HDACi in MYC-driven MB and explore beneficial drug combinations.

Complex networks of interacting stochastic tipping elements: Cooperativity of phase separation in the large-system limit.

Tipping elements in the Earth system have received increased scientific attention over recent years due to their nonlinear behavior and the risks of abrupt state changes. While being stable over a large range of parameters, a tipping element undergoes a drastic shift in its state upon an additional small parameter change when close to its tipping point. Recently, the focus of research broadened towards emergent behavior in networks of tipping elements, like global tipping cascades triggered by local perturbations.

Dose-response functions and surrogate models for exploring social contagion in the Copenhagen Networks Study.

Spreading dynamics and complex contagion processes on networks are important mechanisms underlying the emergence of critical transitions, tipping points and other non-linear phenomena in complex human and natural systems. Increasing amounts of temporal network data are now becoming available to study such spreading processes of behaviours, opinions, ideas, diseases and innovations to test hypotheses regarding their specific properties. To this end, we here present a methodology based on dose-response functions and hypothesis testing using surrogate data models that randomise most aspects of the empirical data while conserving certain structures relevant to contagion, group or homophily dynamics.

Hybrid sideways/longitudinal swimming in the monoflagellate : from aerotactic band to biofilm.

MR-1 are facultative aerobic electroactive bacteria with an appealing potential for sustainable energy production and bioremediation. They gather around air sources, forming aerotactic bands and biofilms. Here, we experimentally follow the evolution of the band around an air bubble, and we find good agreement with the numerical solutions of the pertinent transport equations.

Modeling the activation of the alternative complement pathway and its effects on hemolysis in health and disease.

The complement system is a powerful mechanism of innate immunity poised to eliminate foreign cells and pathogens. It is an intricate network of >35 proteins, which, once activated, leads to the tagging of the surface to be eliminated, produces potent chemoattractants to recruit immune cells, and inserts cytotoxic pores into nearby lipid surfaces. Although it can be triggered via different pathways, its net output is largely based on the direct or indirect activation of the alternative pathway.

Arenavirus Induced CCL5 Expression Causes NK Cell-Mediated Melanoma Regression.

Immune activation within the tumor microenvironment is one promising approach to induce tumor regression. Certain viruses including oncolytic viruses such as the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and non-oncolytic viruses such as the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) are potent tools to induce tumor-specific immune activation. However, not all tumor types respond to viro- and/or immunotherapy and mechanisms accounting for such differences remain to be defined.

A Shh/Gli-driven three-node timer motif controls temporal identity and fate of neural stem cells.

How time is measured by neural stem cells during temporal neurogenesis has remained unresolved. By combining experiments and computational modeling, we define a Shh/Gli-driven three-node timer underlying the sequential generation of motor neurons (MNs) and serotonergic neurons in the brainstem. The timer is founded on temporal decline of Gli-activator and Gli-repressor activities established through down-regulation of Gli transcription.

A Cell-Based MAPK Reporter Assay Reveals Synergistic MAPK Pathway Activity Suppression by MAPK Inhibitor Combination in -Driven Pediatric Low-Grade Glioma Cells.

Pilocytic astrocytomas as well as other pediatric low-grade gliomas (pLGG) exhibit genetic events leading to aberrant activation of the MAPK pathway. The most common alterations are fusions and BRAF and mutations. Novel drugs targeting the MAPK pathway (MAPKi) are prime candidates for the treatment of these single-pathway diseases.

Propofol Related Infusion Syndrome: Ultrastructural Evidence for a Mitochondrial Disorder.

Objective: The objective of this report of a fatal propofol-related infusion syndrome in a young adult was to present-to our knowledge for the first time-direct ultrastructural evidence for the central role of mitochondrial damage in the pathogenesis of this syndrome.

Data Sources: Histological and electron microscopical analysis of liver, skeletal, and heart muscle obtained by autopsy and blood obtained from patient.

Study Selection: Case report.

Growth and size control during development.

The size and shape of organs are characteristic for each species. Even when organisms develop to different sizes due to varying environmental conditions, such as nutrition, organ size follows species-specific rules of proportionality to the rest of the body, a phenomenon referred to as allometry. Therefore, for a given environment, organs stop growth at a predictable size set by the species's genotype.

Characterizing rare fluctuations in soft particulate flows.

Soft particulate media include a wide range of systems involving athermal dissipative particles both in non-living and biological materials. Characterization of flows of particulate media is of great practical and theoretical importance. A fascinating feature of these systems is the existence of a critical rigidity transition in the dense regime dominated by highly intermittent fluctuations that severely affects the flow properties.

Growth control in the eye disc by the cytokine Unpaired.

A fundamental question in developmental biology is how organ size is controlled. We have previously shown that the area growth rate in the eye primordium declines inversely proportionally to the increase in its area. How the observed reduction in the growth rate is achieved is unknown.

An Unbiased Analysis of Candidate Mechanisms for the Regulation of Drosophila Wing Disc Growth.

The control of organ size presents a fundamental open problem in biology. A declining growth rate is observed in all studied higher animals, and the growth limiting mechanism may therefore be evolutionary conserved. Most studies of organ growth control have been carried out in Drosophila imaginal discs.

Enhancing the effectiveness of biological control programs of invasive species through a more comprehensive pest management approach.

Invasive species are one of the greatest economic and ecological threats to agriculture and natural areas in the US and the world. Among the available management tools, biological control provides one of the most economical and long-term effective strategies for managing widespread and damaging invasive species populations of nearly all taxa. However, integrating biological control programs in a more complete integrated pest management approach that utilizes increased information and communication, post-release monitoring, adaptive management practices, long-term stewardship strategies, and new and innovative ecological and genetic technologies can greatly improve the effectiveness of biological control.

A quantitative analysis of growth control in the Drosophila eye disc.

The size and shape of organs is species specific, and even in species in which organ size is strongly influenced by environmental cues, such as nutrition or temperature, it follows defined rules. Therefore, mechanisms must exist to ensure a tight control of organ size within a given species, while being flexible enough to allow for the evolution of different organ sizes in different species. We combined computational modeling and quantitative measurements to analyze growth control in the Drosophila eye disc.

Comparison of Certification and Recertification Examinee Performance on Multiple-Choice Items in Forensic Psychiatry.

Research on the association between age and performance on tests of medical knowledge has generally shown an inverse relationship, which is of concern because of the positive association between measures of knowledge and measures of clinical performance. Because the certification and maintenance of certification (MOC) examinations in the subspecialty of forensic psychiatry draw on a common item bank, performance of the two groups of examinees on the same items could be compared. In addition, the relationship between age and test performance was analyzed.

Combination therapy including CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and entecavir induces early viral response and enhanced inhibition of viral replication in a woodchuck model of chronic hepadnaviral infection.

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) stimulate immune cells via TLR9 and are potentially useful immunomodulators for the treatment of chronic viral infections. In the present study, different classes of CpGs were tested for their capacities for innate immune activation and antiviral activities in the woodchuck model. A class P CpG ODN was found to stimulate interferon (IFN) production in woodchuck peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro, and following subcutaneous administration in vivo, it was observed to induce IFN and MxA expression in woodchuck PBMCs.

Impact of microphysics on the growth of one-dimensional breath figures.

Droplet patterns condensing on solid substrates (breath figures) tend to evolve into a self-similar regime, characterized by a bimodal droplet size distribution. The distributions comprise a bell-shaped peak of monodisperse large droplets and a broad range of smaller droplets. The size distribution of the latter follows a scaling law characterized by a nontrivial polydispersity exponent.