Initiation of risk management: incidence of failures in simulated Emergency Medical Service scenarios.

Aim: This study is a description of the rate of unsafe acts and communication events in simulations of Emergency Medical Service (EMS) mission-based scenarios as first response for risk management and patient safety.

Subjects And Methods: The study involved video-based observation of German paramedic teams (n=40) during simulated EMS missions. Teams were randomised to four types of scenarios: advanced life support (ALS), bronchial asthma (BA), pulmonary embolism (PE) and multiple trauma (MT).

Frequency response of fiber-optic multilayer hydrophones: experimental investigation and finite element simulation.

The frequency response of a fiber-optic hydrophone that uses a dielectric multilayer system as the sensing element for ultrasound detection is investigated. A primary interferometric calibration technique is applied to determine by experiment the frequency-dependent pressure-voltage transfer function up to 45 MHz. The interaction between an incident pressure wave and the fiber end is analyzed by finite element methods.