[The mechanism of action of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the immune system].

This article presents the literature materials about polyunsaturated fatty acids as nutritional immunomodulators.

[Standards for human physiological requirements in food substances and energy: a retrospective analysis and a developmental outlook].

The retrospective analysis of 4 variants of norms of human physiological needs in food substances and energy accepted in 1951, 1968, 1982 and 1991 is given. Dynamics of the scientifically proved specification of value of needs is revealed and the necessity of permanent development of conceptual base of normalization is determined. Last one is based on two natural laws of a balanced diet: 1) compulsion of conformity energy expense and energy consumption; 2) the value of consumption of the basic food substances (fibers, fats, carbohydrates) should be in limits of physiologically necessary quantity proportion and be accompanied by satisfaction of human needs in different nutrients.

[Nutrition in the pathogenesis, therapy and prevention of digestive system diseases].

The role of nutrition in the pathogenesis, therapy, and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases is discussed. Although nutrition is not a leading cause of most gastrointestinal diseases, the role of nutrition in their pathogenesis is very great. Nutritional monitoring of the Russian Federation's population has revealed a shortage of many essential nutrients to be consumed, which may result in worsening of various gastrointestinal diseases.

[Carbohydrates in the nutrition of the Russian population].

Dietary intake of carbohydrates for Russian population increased from 50% to 54% of total energy intake at the expense of increasing of dietary intake of potatoes and bread products. This level of carbohydrate intake is in the normal value do not causing serious caution in relation to public health. Main resource of carbohydrates in russian diet is dietary intake of bread and bread products (about 53% of total intake), sugar and confections (25%) and potatoes (10%).

[Immune and metabolic effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega 3 in anti-atherosclerotic diet in the treatment of patients with ischemic heart disease, familial hyperlipoproteinemia and hypertension].

Effect of antiatherosclerotic diet of 112 patients with cardioishemic disease IIa, IIb, and IV types was observed. Positive dynamics of clinical picture of disease, values of lipid metabolism and T-cell cents immunity were shown, particularly for patients with hyperlipidemy, which developed as result of effect of medium cents and genetic cents factors. Including to antiatherosclerosis diet polyunsaturated fatty acids of family (w-3) intensified hypolipidemic effect.

[Morphologic changes of peripheral lymphoid tissue and liver in experimental animals under food deprivation].

Morphologic examinations of liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and groups of lymphatic follicles of small intestine (Peyer's patchs) of rats in condition of starvation were shown. Starvation of animals for 48 hours and most for 96 hours was caused statistic reliable decrease of body mass, concerning mass of thymus and liver. Centrolobular fatty infiltration and decrease of RNA and glycogen contents in hepatocytes of liver were shown.

[The modulation of the function of the immunocompetent system and of nonspecific body resistance in rats with different ratios of essential fatty acids in the diet].

The influence of dietary essential fatty acids on the immune functions and nonspecific resistance of male Wistar rats weighing 135.0 +/- 3.2 g was investigated after 3 months feeding.

[The effect of the omega 6/omega 3 PUFA ratios in the rations of rats on the eicosanoid content in the blood plasma and liver].

Purified diets for rats contained 24% fat, with presented with the mixture of sunflower and fish oils whose combination yielded ratios of omega 6 to omega 3 fatty acids equal to 99 0, 49 0, 5 2, 1.9 and 0.12.

[Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the ration on the structure of peripheral lymphoid organs, immunological parameters and nonspecific resistance of rats].

It has been established that the fatty component of the ration, with the rest ingredients being unchanged, alters the immunologic status of the body. When fatty portion of the ration was substituted for sunflower oil (omega 6) active macrophage-plasmocytic reaction in the lymphoid organs, elevation of the humoral immunity parameters and suppression of the T-cell system were recorded. The reaction to immunization was less pronounced when equal ratios of sunflower and ichtyenic oils were used.

[Nutrition and the problem of maternal and neonatal health].

Actual nutrition patterns of pregnant women, breast-feeding mothers, and young children were analysed together with the breast milk composition in different regions of this country. The influence of maternal nutrition on the breast milk composition and infant health status is demonstrated. Special attention is devoted to the development and use of new food products for feeding healthy and sick children.

[Nutritional status of several population groups in the Far East and Extreme North].

Studies of the actual nutrition and wide spectrum of biochemical, haematological, and anthropometric indices in the representatives of the native population of Kamchatka and Chukotka showed that along with the significant changes in nutritional patterns due to the added products, local sources of feeding (fish, sea mammals, deer meat) greatly contribute to fulfilling the physiological requirements and exert a specific effect on metabolic processes. This is mostly associated with the features of lipid metabolism as a result of marine fat intake. Recommendations on the rational nutrition organization in these regions are discussed.

[Enhanced resistance of mice (CBA strain) to infection caused by S. typhimurium depending on the nature of the fat in the diet].

Mice received rations containing a mixture of lard with sunflower oil, butter, cooking fat (hydrogenated), fish fat. Hydrogenated fat and fish fat induced a decrease in the portion of polyunsaturated fatty acid omega 6 in lipids of lymphocytes, Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and the spleen. At the same time fish fat induced an increase of the portion of polyunsaturated fatty acid omega 3 in lipids studied.

[Effect of alimentary protein deficiency in the early postnatal period on the function of the immunocompetent system in rats].

The influence of protein deficiency in the early postnatal period on the functional and morphological characteristics of the immunocompetent system was studied in 76 test and 60 control rats, 4 and 12 months after the experiment commencement. It was shown that protein deficiency in the early postnatal period induced shifts in the cellular parameters of the immunologic responsiveness, mainly, producing no significant changes in the nonspecific factors of body defence. The impairing effect of protein deficiency was more manifest at the early steps of the body development.

[Effect of dietary protein deficiency in female rats on the function of the immunocompetent system of their progeny].

The influence of alimentary protein deficiency, during early ontogenesis, on the morphofunctional characteristics of the immunocompetent system was studied in 115 experimental and 60 control female rats, 4 and 12 months after the commencement of the experiment. It was shown that protein deficiency in the period of prenatal ontogenesis induced significant changes in the humoral and cellular values, characterizing immunologic responsiveness and nonspecific resistance of the body, and leads to alteration of the morphological structure of the lymphoid organs. Such changes were also observed in the rats of the second generation, which received full-value food, thus evidencing grave and stable immunologic disorders as the result of protein deficiency during prenatal ontogenesis.