Measuring intracompartmental pressures for the chronic exertional compartment syndrome: Challenging commercially available devices and their respective accuracy.

The aim of this study was to compare commercially available manometers and needles used for intracompartmental pressure measurements for accuracy. An experimental compartment simulation model was developed in order to compare four different terminal devices (Compass manometer, Stryker device, Meritrans transducer, and arterial line) and 22 types of needles. First, all possible device/needle combinations were introduced in rubber ports at the bottom of a water column.

Accidental awareness during general anaesthesia - a narrative review.

Unintended accidental awareness during general anaesthesia represents failure of successful anaesthesia, and so has been the subject of numerous studies during the past decades. As return to consciousness is both difficult to describe and identify, the reported incidence rates vary widely. Similarly, a wide range of techniques have been employed to identify cases of accidental awareness.

Quantitative proteomic identification of host factors involved in the Salmonella typhimurium infection cycle.

Quantitative proteomics, based on stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), can be used to identify host proteins involved in the intracellular interplay with pathogens. This method allows identification of proteins subject to degradation or upregulation in response to intracellular infection. It can also be used to study intracellular dynamics (trafficking) of proteins in response to the infection.

Quantitative proteomic identification of host factors involved in the Salmonella typhimurium infection cycle.

To identify host factors involved in Salmonella replication, SILAC-based quantitative proteomics was used to investigate the interactions of Salmonella typhimurium with the secretory pathway in human epithelial cells. Protein profiles of Golgi-enriched fractions isolated from S. typhimurium-infected cells were compared with those of mock-infected cells, revealing significant depletion or enrichment of 105 proteins.

Identification of host factors involved in coronavirus replication by quantitative proteomics analysis.

In this study, we applied a quantitative proteomic approach, based on SILAC, to investigate the interactions of coronaviruses with the secretory pathway of the host cell, with the aim to identify host factors involved in coronavirus replication. Comparison of the protein profiles of Golgi-enriched fractions of cells that were either mock infected or infected with mouse hepatitis virus revealed the significant depletion or enrichment of 116 proteins. Although ribosomal/nucleic acid binding proteins were enriched in the Golgi-fractions of mouse hepatitis virus-infected cells, proteins annotated to localize to several organelles of the secretory pathway were overrepresented among the proteins that were depleted from these fractions upon infection.

Study on the influence of refreshment/activation cycles and irrigants on mechanical cleaning efficiency during ultrasonic activation of the irrigant.

Introduction: The aims of this study were to evaluate dentin debris removal from the root canal during ultrasonic activation of sodium hypochlorite (2% and 10%), carbonated water, and distilled water and to determine the influence of 3 ultrasonic refreshment/activation cycles of the irrigant by using the intermittent flush technique.

Methods: Root canals with a standardized groove in 1 canal wall, which was filled with dentin debris, were irrigated ultrasonically. The irrigant was refreshed and ultrasonically activated 3 times for 20 seconds.

Reproducibility and accuracy of automated probe measurements of gingiva and bone levels on stone casts following guided bone regeneration treatment.

Objectives: For evidence-based evaluation of guided bone regeneration (GBR), accurate registration of changes in gingiva and bone levels is needed. A new method is introduced and evaluated.

Methods: In a clinical trial with 30 patients, alginate impressions of the surgical area including the interproximal gingiva and alveolar bone at the adjacent teeth were made in duplicate prior to and during GBR surgery, fixture installation and abutment connection.

Proinflammatory cytokines and treatment of disease.

Bacterial infections in the immunocompromised host cause considerable mortality, and even recently developed antimicrobial strategies often fail to cure these infections, especially in granulocytopenic patients. Cytokines and hematopoietic growth factors have been shown to stimulate host defense mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. The possible role of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 as modulators of host resistance to bacterial infections is discussed.

Antibodies against enteroviruses in intravenous Ig preparations: great variation in titres and poor correlation with the incidence of circulating serotypes.

Antibody titres in immunoglobulin preparations for intravenous use were tested against 24 different enterovirus serotypes and varied between 1:100 and 1:10,000 within a single batch. Differences up to 8-fold were found for homologous titres between two different batches that were prepared 6 years apart. The lowest titre obtained was 1:40.

Cutaneous infection due to Mycobacterium abscessus. A case report.

Erythematous nodular and ulcerating skin lesions occurred in a 56-year-old woman treated with chemotherapy and glucocorticosteroids for metastatic breast cancer. Subsequent culture yielded Mycobacterium abscessus, a facultative pathogen which exists as a saprophyte in the environment and rarely produces clinical disease in humans. This organism is usually relatively resistant to antituberculous as well as a number of other antimicrobial agents.

Inflammatory cytokines in an experimental model for the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.

Objective: To investigate the alterations in circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and cytokine production by peritoneal macrophages during the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.

Design: Prospective, controlled laboratory study on zymosan-induced generalized inflammation in mice. Single intraperitoneal administration of zymosan induces, over a 12-day period, a triphasic illness in mice; the third phase, from day 6 onward, resembles multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1)-induced resistance to bacterial infection: role of the type I IL-1 receptor.

Pretreatment with a low dose of recombinant human interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) (3 to 30 micrograms/kg) 24 h before a lethal Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection prolongs survival in neutropenic mice. We investigated the role of the type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI) and IL-1RII in this IL-1-induced protection by using a specific IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1-Ra), which blocks effects mainly via IL-1RI. Pretreatment with IL-1Ra before IL-1 partially blocked the IL-1-induced enhanced survival, whereas pretreatment with a specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody to IL-1RI (35F5) eliminated the IL-1 induced protection.

Pharmacologic inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor production exert differential effects in lethal endotoxemia and in infection with live microorganisms in mice.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) are principal mediators of septic shock; inhibition of TNF-alpha production may ameliorate outcome in severe infections. Pentoxifylline, chlorpromazine, and thalidomide inhibit TNF-alpha production. Their effects were tested in lethal endotoxemia in sensitized mice.

Differential gene expression for IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-1, and TNF receptors and IL-1 and TNF synthesis may explain IL-1-induced resistance to infection.

IL-1 pretreatment prolongs survival in lethal infection in normal and in neutropenic mice. We investigated whether this protection occurs by interference with deleterious cytokine effects. The effect of IL-1 pretreatment on concentrations of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha circulating in vivo and the ex vivo cytokine production capacity of macrophages was assessed in uninfected, non-neutropenic and neutropenic Swiss mice, in Swiss mice infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae (non-neutropenic mice) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (neutropenic mice), and in neutropenic C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice infected with P.

Roles of tumor necrosis factor alpha, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, platelet-activating factor, and arachidonic acid metabolites in interleukin-1-induced resistance to infection in neutropenic mice.

Treatment with a single low dose (80 to 800 ng) of interleukin-1 (IL-1) 24 h before a lethal bacterial challenge in granulocytopenic and in normal mice enhances nonspecific resistance. The mechanism behind this protection has only partially been elucidated. Since IL-1 induces production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), platelet-activating factor (PAF), and arachidonic acid metabolites, we investigated the potential role of these substances in IL-1-induced protection.

Interleukin-1 and related pro-inflammatory cytokines in the treatment of bacterial infections in neutropenic and non-neutropenic animals.

Bacterial infections in the immunocompromized host cause considerable mortality, and even the recently developed antimicrobial strategies often fail to cure these infections, especially in granulocytopenic patients. Cytokines and hematopoietic growth factors have been shown to stimulate host defense mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. We discuss the possible role of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 as modulators of host resistance to bacterial infections.

Role of acute-phase proteins in interleukin-1-induced nonspecific resistance to bacterial infections in mice.

Treatment with a single low dose (80 to 800 ng) of interleukin-1 (IL-1) 24 h before a lethal bacterial challenge of granulocytopenic and normal mice enhances nonspecific resistance. Since IL-1 induces secretion of acute-phase proteins, liver proteins which possess several detoxifying effects, we investigated the role of these proteins in the IL-1-induced protection. Inhibition of liver protein synthesis with D-galactosamine (GALN) completely inhibited the IL-1-induced synthesis of acute-phase proteins.

Effects of interleukin-8 on nonspecific resistance to infection in neutropenic and normal mice.

The effect of treatment with interleukin-8 (IL-8), a neutrophil-activating cytokine, was investigated in normal and neutropenic mice infected with a lethal dose of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Plasmodium berghei. Intraperitoneal (i.p.

Interleukin-1 as a possible agent for treatment of infection.

Treatment of experimental animals with bacterial products, such as cell wall components of gram-negative bacteria, leads to enhanced resistance to a variety of microorganisms. Since interleukin-1 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines are induced by such bacterial products, it has been investigated whether these cytokines are also capable of enforcing host resistance. It has been possible to demonstrate that a low dose of interleukin-1 protects mice against death from either gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria, Candida albicans and Plasmodium berghei.

Interleukin-1-induced nonspecific resistance to bacterial infection in mice is not mediated by glucocorticosteroids.

Preexposure to a low dose of interleukin-1 (IL-1; 3 to 30 micrograms/kg) 24 h before a lethal gram-negative bacterial infection prolonged survival in normal and granulocytopenic mice. To examine whether this protective effect is mediated by glucocorticosteroids, we first measured corticosterone concentrations in mice after administration of 80 and 800 ng of IL-1. IL-1 induced a dose-dependent increase in corticosterone levels in plasma.

Dietary fish-oil supplementation in experimental gram-negative infection and in cerebral malaria in mice.

Dietary fish-oil supplementation interferes with eicosanoid production and appears to decrease production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The effect of fish oil was investigated in an intramuscular Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in Swiss mice and in cerebral malaria induced by Plasmodium berghei in C57B1/6 mice. After a low inoculum of K.