From Traditional to Cutting-Edge: Transforming Pulmonary Valve Assessment With Advanced Echocardiography Techniques.

The pulmonary valve (PV), although often less emphasized than other heart valves, is crucial for cardiac function and hemodynamics. Historically, the PV has been underrepresented in echocardiographic assessments due to its rare involvement in pathological conditions, particularly in adults. Additionally, the anatomical position of the PV makes it one of the most challenging valves to visualize using conventional echocardiography.

Acute Right Ventricular Failure: Pathophysiology, Diagnostic Approach with Emphasis on the Role of Echocardiography.

Right ventricular function is one of the important predictors of survival in heart failure patients. In the past, there has been only limited knowledge regarding right-sided heart failure when compared to left-sided failure. However, there are more emerging data in recent years, and several studies have emphasized the unique features of the right ventricle regarding its anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical consequences, diagnostic modalities, and treatment options.

[Right Atrial Thrombus Formation as Complications in the Presence of Hemodialysis Catheter and Central Venous Catheter].

History: Case 1: admission to hospital of a 65-year-old female patient with multiple cerebral infarctions after surgery due to a benign tumor for detection of cardiac source of embolism by echocardiography. During surgery a central venous catheter has been placed into the internal jugular vein.Case 2: admission to hospital of a 59-year-old female with urosepsis due to infectious urinary stasis due to dislocated double J-catheter and suspected endocarditis.