A model of evolution and learning.

We study a model of evolving populations of self-learning agents and analyze the interaction between learning and evolution. We consider an agent-broker that predicts stock price changes and uses its predictions for selecting actions. Each agent is equipped with a neural network adaptive critic design for behavioral adaptation.

Four Year Follow-up of Dual Electrode Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Pain.

This paper reports on 80 patients using dual electrode, spinal cord stimulation (SCS) over a four-year period Implant status, stimulation mode, anode-cathode configuration (array), cathode position, paresthesia overlap, explantation rates, complications, Visual Analog Scores (VAS), and overall satisfaction were examined in patients implanted with dual 8 contact, staggered, percutaneous electrodes. All patients had undergone implantation for chronic axial and extremity pain [e.g.