Orally administered gadolinium orthovanadate GdVO:Eu nanoparticles do not affect the hydrophobic region of cell membranes of leukocytes.

Aim: To assess the phospholipid bilayer of white blood cells (WBCs) and the ability of leukocytes to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in rats orally exposed to GdVO:Eu nanoparticle (VNP) solution for 2 weeks by fluorescent probes-ortho-hydroxy derivatives of 2,5-diaryl‑1,3‑oxazole.

Methods: Steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, i.e.