Enlarged brain perivascular spaces correlate with blood plasma osmolality in the healthy population: A longitudinal study.

Enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) are increasingly recognized as an MRI detectable feature of neuroinflammatory processes and age-related neurodegenerative changes. Understanding perivascular characteristics in healthy individuals is crucial for their applicability as a reference for pathological changes. Limited data exists on the EPVS load and interhemispheric asymmetry in distribution among young healthy subjects.

History of Czech anatomical terminology.

Latin anatomical terminology has been codified since 1895. However, the situation is different for national anatomical terminologies. There are countries that have standardized anatomical terminology in their language, e.

Basal Ganglia Compensatory White Matter Changes on DTI in Alzheimer's Disease.

The volume reduction of the gray matter structures in patients with Alzheimer's disease is often accompanied by an asymmetric increase in the number of white matter fibers located close to these structures. The present study aims to investigate the white matter structure changes in the motor basal ganglia in Alzheimer's disease patients compared to healthy controls using diffusion tensor imaging. The amounts of tracts, tract length, tract volume, quantitative anisotropy, and general fractional anisotropy were measured in ten patients with Alzheimer's disease and ten healthy controls.

Morphology of Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Its Relation to Schizophrenia.

Cortical folding of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), particularly the cingulate (CS) and the paracingulate (PCS) sulci, represents a neurodevelopmental marker. Deviations in in utero development in schizophrenia can be traced using CS and PCS morphometry. In the present study, we measured the length of CS, PCS, and their segments on T1 MRI scans in 93 patients with first- episode schizophrenia and 42 healthy controls.

Jakub Hron Metánovský and his traces in Czech medicine.

Among other serious scientific efforts of revivalists, somewhat distinctive personalities also appeared at the time of the National Revival. Among them was the secondary school teacher, physicist and inventor Jakub Hron Metánovský, whose 100th anniversary of death passed last year. Although he did not complete his studies at the Faculty of Medicine in Prague, which he began at the age of 51, a medical trace can be found in his works, not only in his inventions, but also in professional Czech medical and anatomical terms.

Vasa nervorum of epicardial nerves and valves of small veins investigated in porcine heart by two types of vascular injections.

The morphology of the vascular supply of peripheral branches of cardiac nerves has not been systematically described until now. The aim of this study was to describe the architectonics of the vasa nervorum of epicardial nerves in porcine hearts by using two injection techniques. Twenty-three hearts from young healthy pigs were used.

A Three-Arm Parallel-group Exploratory Trial documents balance improvement without much evidence of white matter integrity changes in people with multiple sclerosis following two months ambulatory neuroproprioceptive "facilitation and inhibition" physical therapy.

Background: Changes of white matter integrity in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) were documented following mainly motor/skill acquisitions physical therapy, while following neuroproprioceptive "facilitation, inhibition" (neurofacilitation) only by two pilot studies. Neurofacilitation has potential to induce white matter changes due to the possibility of interfering with the neuronal tactility threshold. However stronger evidence is missing.

Variant Anatomy and Its Terminology.

Variant anatomy, which is an integral part of anatomical science, is related to abnormalities in the human body structure. Our understanding of variant anatomy is based on thousand years of anatomical experience. These abnormalities generally do not interfere with the function of the human body and do not typically manifest as pathological nosological units.

A plea for extension of the anatomical nomenclature: Vessels.

This article is the fourth and last part of a series aimed at extending and correcting the anatomical nomenclature. Because of the rapid development of internet and the use of electronic formats in communication in anatomy, embryology, histology, medical education, and clinical medicine, an appropriate, precise, and concise anatomical nomenclature is required. Such tool enables to avoid any potential confusion and possible scientific/medical mistakes.

Vascular supply of the anterior interventricular epicardial nerves and ventricular Purkinje fibers in the porcine hearts.

The aim of this study was to perform a pilot histological and quantitative analysis of the blood vessels accompanying the epicardial nerves (vasa nervorum) in the porcine hearts. Twenty healthy porcine hearts were used in this study. The blood vessels were analyzed by light microscopy using four different staining techniques in transverse sections taken from the upper, middle, and lower segments of the anterior part of the interventricular region and the adjacent parts of the right and left ventricles containing epicardial nerves and the endocardial peripheral parts of the Purkinje fibers.

Computer Kinesiology: New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tool for Lower Back Pain Treatment (Pilot Study).

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of the diagnostic and therapeutic medical information system Computer Kinesiology in physiotherapy in patients with low back pain who were not responding to conventional therapy. Computer Kinesiology is primarily intended for the diagnostics and therapy of functional disorders of the locomotor system. This pilot study population included 55 patients (Group 1) with acute and chronic back pain and 51 persons (Group 2) without back pain.

Upper limb principal arteries variations: A cadaveric study with terminological implication.

Although the variability of the upper limb arteries is a clinically important problem, the prevalence is varying across the existing studies and classification is rather complicated, not well established and sometimes even unclear for simple and direct understanding and usage. Multiple case reports appearing in the last years apply incorrect, inappropriate, and sometimes misleading terminology. We performed an anatomical cadaveric study of the variability of the arteries of the upper limb, namely, the axilla, arm, and forearm, in 423 upper limbs embalmed with classical formaldehyde method (Central European population).

New Design of the Electrophoretic Part of CLARITY Technology for Confocal Light Microscopy of Rat and Human Brains.

Background: CLARITY is a method of rendering postmortem brain tissue transparent using acrylamide-based hydrogels so that this tissue could be further used for immunohistochemistry, molecular biology, or gross anatomical studies. Published papers using the CLARITY method have included studies on human brains suffering from Alzheimer's disease using mouse spinal cords as animal models for multiple sclerosis.

Methods: We modified the original design of the Chung CLARITY system by altering the electrophoretic flow-through cell, the shape of the platinum electrophoresis electrodes and their positions, as well as the cooling and recirculation system, so that it provided a greater effect and can be used in any laboratory.

Imaging of Mouse Brain Fixated in Ethanol in Micro-CT.

Micro-CT imaging is a well-established morphological method for the visualization of animal models. We used ethanol fixation of the mouse brains to perform high-resolution micro-CT scans showing in great details brain grey and white matters. It was possible to identify more than 50 neuroanatomical structures on the 5 selected coronal sections.

Terminologia Histologica 10 years on: some disputable terms in need of discussion and recent developments.

At first sight, the issue of morphological terminology may seem to be a "closed and unchanging chapter", as many of the structures within the human body have been known for decades or even centuries. However, the exact opposite is true. The initial knowledge of the microscopic structure of the human body has been continuously broadening thanks to the development of new specialized staining techniques, discovery of the electron microscope, or later application of histochemical and immunohistochemical methods into routine tissue examination.

Morphology of the vasa vasorum in coronary arteries of the porcine heart: A new insight.

Introduction: The vasa vasorum interna were described during the last decade as a special kind of vessels originating directly from the lumen of the paternal artery and participating in the nourishment of its wall, especially of the aorta and coronary arteries. At the same time, their existence was repeatedly denied/negated by many other authors.

Aim: The purpose of the actual study was the anatomical verification of the existence of the vasa vasorum interna in porcine coronary arteries.

Ethanol fixation method for heart and lung imaging in micro-CT.

Purpose: The soft tissue imaging in micro-CT remains challenging due to its low intrinsic contrast. The aim of this study was to create a simple staining method omitting the usage of contrast agents for ex vivo soft tissue imaging in micro-CT.

Materials And Methods: Hearts and lungs from 30 mice were used.

Valves of the small coronary veins in porcine hearts.

The aim of the study was to investigate the existence of valves in small peripheral coronary veins of porcine hearts. The study was performed on 20 porcine hearts using standard histological methods. The veins in the subepicardial and intramyocardial regions of the anterior and posterior parts of the interventricular septum and in the wall of the right atrium were studied.

A plea for an extension of the anatomical nomenclature: Organ systems.

This article is the third part of a series aimed at correcting and extending the anatomical nomenclature. Communication in clinical medicine as well as in medical education is extensively composed of anatomical, histological, and embryological terms. Thus, to avoid any confusion, it is essential to have a concise, exact, perfect and correct anatomical nomenclature.

Vasa vasorum: an old term with new problems.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to describe the origin of the Latin anatomical term vasa vasorum and its role in current medical research and to present examples of grammatical errors in its use.

Methods: Literary searches oriented on the term vasa vasorum were used to identify publications using it in the medical literature from the seventeenth century up to the present.

Results: The Latin term vasa vasorum was introduced by Ludwig in 1739.

The Terminologia Histologica after 10years: Inconsistencies, mistakes, and new proposals.

This article details our experience with the Terminologia Histologica (TH) and its utility in the teaching of histology, cytology, and clinical medicine (e.g., pathology and hematology).

Vasa vasorum of the failed aorto-coronary venous grafts.

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the distribution of vasa vasorum in walls of failed aorto-coronary venous grafts.

Methods: Fifty-one diseased venous grafts harvested from 39 patients underwent qualitative histological evaluation. The morphology of the grade of the pathological changes and the extent of the vascularisation were examined, and related to the length of the interval between the primary surgery and the explantation.

Compensatory Shift of Subcallosal Area and Paraterminal Gyrus White Matter Parameters on DTI in Patients with Alzheimer Disease.

Objective: Alzheimer disease is traditionally conceptualized as a disease of brain gray matter, however, studies with diffusion tensor imaging have demonstrated that Alzheimer disease also involves alterations in white matter integrity. We measured number of tracts, tracts length, tract volume, quantitative anisotropy and general fractional anisotropy of neuronal tracts in subcallosal area, paraterminal gyrus and fornix in patients with Alzheimer disease and healthy age-matched controls. Our hypothesis was that patients with Alzheimer disease should exhibit decrease in the integrity of these white matter structures that are crucial for semantic memory function.

A plea for an extension of the anatomical nomenclature: The locomotor system.

Anatomical nomenclature is the main tool of communication in morphology, anatomy and other medical disciplines as well as in medical education, and thus needs to be exact, flawless, elaborate and correct. The Terminologia Anatomica (TA) is a thorough and extensive list of anatomical terms and their definitions, and the current standard for human anatomical terminology. Although several revisions to the TA have been made in the last 20 years, some important anatomical structures are still not included.