The diagnostic dilemma of a gallbladder volvulus: An unusual case report and review of the literature.

Introduction And Importance: A gallbladder volvulus is a rare medical condition requiring emergency surgery. There are 500 cases reported in the literature, and only 10 % have ever been diagnosed preoperatively. Gallbladder volvulus occurs when the gallbladder torts around the cystic duct and cystic artery resulting in occlusion of both structures and consequently, ischemia of the gallbladder.

Cholinergic Modulation of Frontoparietal Cortical Network Dynamics Supporting Supramodal Attention.

A critical function of attention is to support a state of readiness to enhance stimulus detection, independent of stimulus modality. The nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) is the major source of the neurochemical acetylcholine (ACh) for frontoparietal cortical networks thought to support attention. We examined a potential supramodal role of ACh in a frontoparietal cortical attentional network supporting target detection.

Cholinergic contributions to supramodal attentional processes in rats.

Cholinergic neurotransmission has been shown to play an important role in modulating attentional processing of visual stimuli. However, it is not yet clear whether the neurochemical acetylcholine (ACh) is necessary exclusively for visual attention, or if it also contributes to attentional functions through some modality-independent (supramodal) mechanism. To answer this question, we examined the effects of reduced cortical cholinergic afferentation on both a traditional visual and a novel olfactory five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), the benchmark rodent test of sustained attention in rats.