Human dirofilariosis in the 21st century: A scoping review of clinical cases reported in the literature.

Human dirofilariosis is a clinical entity caused by infection with nematode species of the genus Dirofilaria. The traditional picture depicts the disease as a sporadic event associated with the presence of a single immature worm causing a nodular lesion. With the aim to reassess this paradigm, establishing a more accurate picture of the disease and homogenize criteria, a scoping review was conducted by searching, screening and analysing published clinical cases of human dirofilariosis worldwide during the 21st century.

HIV-1 Sub-Subtype A6: Settings for Normalised Identification and Molecular Epidemiology in the Southern Federal District, Russia.

Russia has one of the largest and fastest growing HIV epidemics. However, epidemiological data are scarce. Sub-subtype A6 is most prevalent in Russia but its identification is challenging.

The Complexity of Zoonotic Filariasis Episystem and Its Consequences: A Multidisciplinary View.

Vector-borne transmitted helminthic zoonosis affects the health and economy of both developing and developed countries. The concept of episystem includes the set of biological, environmental, and epidemiological elements of these diseases in defined geographic and temporal scales. Dirofilariasis caused by different species of the genus is a disease affecting domestic and wild canines and felines and man, transmitted by different species of culicid mosquitoes.

Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in sylvatic reservoirs of Krasnodar Krai (Russian Federation).

Dirofilariosis is a cosmopolitan vector-borne transmitted disease whose causal agents in Europe are D. immitis and D. repens.

New findings in HCV genotype distribution in selected West European, Russian and Israeli regions.

Background: HCV affects 185 million people worldwide and leads to death and morbidities. HCV has a high genetic diversity and is classified into seven genotypes and 67 subtypes. Novel anti-HCV drugs (Direct-Acting-Antivirals) eligibility, resistance and cure rates depend on HCV geno/subtype (GT).

Plasmin in Parasitic Chronic Infections: Friend or Foe?

Plasmin is the final product of the fibrinolytic system, the physiological mechanism responsible for dissolving fibrin clots. Its broad-range proteolytic activity implies that interaction with fibrinolysis and recruitment of plasmin by blood and tissue parasites is an important mechanism that mediates the invasion and establishment of this kind of pathogen in the hosts. However, recent studies have linked an excess of plasmin generated by this interaction with serious pathological events at the vascular level, including the proliferation and migration of arterial wall cells, inflammation, and degradation of the extracellular matrix.

Human subcutaneous/ocular dirofilariasis in the Russian Federation and Belarus, 1997-2013.

Objectives: This study was performed to determine the yearly frequency, trends in spread, and clinical-epidemiological characteristics of human subcutaneous/ocular dirofilariasis (HSOD) in the Russian Federation and Belarus.

Methods: The surveillance data of HSOD cases occurring between January 1997 and June 2013, obtained from the regional health administrations of the Russian Federation and Belarus, were analyzed. The spatial distribution of cases was assessed using a GIS map, and the clinical-epidemiological characteristics were defined using 719 cases for which information on anatomical location, age, sex, and area of residence was available.

Genetic diversity of Dirofilaria spp. isolated from subcutaneous and ocular lesions of human patients in Ukraine.

This short communication describes the phylogenetic analysis of 48 Dirofilaria worms isolated from human patients in Ukraine. 102 cases were both of subcutaneous (47; 46.1%) and ocular (54; 52.

Regional warming and emerging vector-borne zoonotic dirofilariosis in the Russian Federation, Ukraine, and other post-Soviet states from 1981 to 2011 and projection by 2030.

We analyze through a climatic model the influence of regional warming on the geographical spreading and potential risk of infection of human dirofilariosis in Russia, Ukraine, and other post-Soviet states from 1981 to 2011 and estimate the situation by 2030. The model correctly predicts the spatiotemporal location of 97.10% of 2154 clinical cases reported in the area during the studied period, identified by a retrospective review of the literature.

Thirty cases of human subcutaneous dirofilariasis reported in Rostov-on-Don (Southwestern Russian Federation).

Introduction: Different species of the genus Dirofilaria, mainly D. immitis and D. repens, are responsible for emergent vector borne transmitted zoonotic diseases in the Old World.

Geo-environmental model for the prediction of potential transmission risk of Dirofilaria in an area with dry climate and extensive irrigated crops. The case of Spain.

Zoonotic filarioses caused by Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens are transmitted by culicid mosquitoes. Therefore Dirofilaria transmission depends on climatic factors like temperature and humidity. In spite of the dry climate of most of the Spanish territory, there are extensive irrigated crops areas providing moist habitats favourable for mosquito breeding.

Canine and human dirofilariosis in the rostov region (southern Russia).

Epidemiological data on canine and human dirofilariosis in the Rostov Region (Southern Russia) are presented. Prevalence of Dirofilaria spp. infections in 795 autochthonous dogs, assessed by the Knott test, was 20.

Evolution of protease inhibitor resistance in the gag and pol genes of HIV subtype G isolates.

Objectives: To analyse HIV Gag cleavage site (CS) and non-CS mutations in HIV non-B isolates from patients failing antiretroviral therapy.

Patients And Methods: Twenty-one HIV isolates were obtained from patients infected with HIV subtype G during an outbreak in Russia 20 years ago. Most patients were failing antiretroviral therapy when genotyping was performed.

Short communication: selection of thymidine analogue resistance mutational patterns in children infected from a common HIV type 1 subtype G source.

In HIV-1, thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) cluster in one of two groups (215Y, 41L, 210W, or 215F, 219E/Q), representing two independent mutational patterns (T215Y and T215F cluster, respectively). The mechanisms by which these pathways are selected are not fully understood. To investigate possible factors driving the selection of the TAMs, we analyzed the TAM patterns with regard to the respective treatment, viral load, and HLA in 18 children all infected from a common source of HIV-1 clade G virus and initially treated with zidovudine.

Human subcutaneous dirofilariasis, Russia.

We report 14 cases of human subcutaneous dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria repens, diagnosed from February 2003 through July 2004, in patients from Rostovon-Don, Russia. Serologic analysis showed evidence of high risk of exposure to D. repens.