Cartilage Laser Engraving for Fast-Track Tissue Engineering of Auricular Grafts.

In this study, the optimal engraving parameters were determined through the analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data, as follows: a laser power density of 5.5 × 10 W/cm, an irradiation rate of 0.1 mm/s, a well radius of 60 μm, a distance between well centers of 200 μm, and a number of passes for each well of 20.

Dipolar excitation in the third stability region.

Dipole resonant excitation of ions creates instability bands which follow iso-β lines where β is the characteristic exponent (stability parameter). Instability bands are exited most effectively on the fundamental frequency π= βΩ/2. Here π is the angle resonance frequency of the dipolar voltage applied to x or y pair rods of the analyzer, and Ω is the angle frequency of the main drive voltage.