Expression of Genes Involved in ABA and Auxin Metabolism and Gene during Embryogenesis in Hemp.

The level of phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA) and auxins (Aux) changes dynamically during embryogenesis. Knowledge of the transcriptional activity of the genes of their metabolic pathways is essential for a deeper understanding of embryogenesis itself; however, it could also help breeding programs of important plants, such as , attractive for the pharmaceutical, textile, cosmetic, and food industries. This work aimed to find out how genes of metabolic pathways of Aux (, , , ) and ABA () alongside one member of the gene family () are expressed in embryos depending on the developmental stage and the embryo cultivation in vitro.

The Influence of Metabolic Inhibitors, Antibiotics, and Microgravity on Intact Cell MALDI-TOF Mass Spectra of the Cyanobacterium Sp. UPOC S4.

The aim and novelty of this paper are found in assessing the influence of inhibitors and antibiotics on intact cell MALDI-TOF mass spectra of the cyanobacterium sp. UPOC S4 and to check the impact on reliability of identification. Defining the limits of this method is important for its use in biology and applied science.

Synechococcus: 3 billion years of global dominance.

Cyanobacteria are among the most important primary producers on the Earth. However, the evolutionary forces driving cyanobacterial species diversity remain largely enigmatic due to both their distinction from macro-organisms and an undersampling of sequenced genomes. Thus, we present a new genome of a Synechococcus-like cyanobacterium from a novel evolutionary lineage.

Changes of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in plant protoplast cultures.

Cytosine methylation patterns in higher eukaryotes are important in gene regulation. Along with 5-methylcytosine (5-mC), a newly discovered constituent of mammalian DNA, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), is the other modified base in higher organisms. In this study we detected 5-hmC in plant protoplast DNA and demonstrated its increasing content during the first 72 hrs.

Granulocyte maturation determines ability to release chromatin NETs and loss of DNA damage response; these properties are absent in immature AML granulocytes.

Terminally-differentiated cells cease to proliferate and acquire specific sets of expressed genes and functions distinguishing them from less differentiated and cancer cells. Mature granulocytes show lobular structure of cell nuclei with highly condensed chromatin in which HP1 proteins are replaced by MNEI. These structural features of chromatin correspond to low level of gene expression and the loss of some important functions as DNA damage repair, shown in this work and, on the other hand, acquisition of a new specific function consisting in the release of chromatin extracellular traps in response to infection by pathogenic microbes.

Molecular identification and characterization of the edible and medicinal Morchellaceae germplasm collection of "mulch morels".

The accessions of the morel (Morchellaceae, Ascomycota) germplasm collection were genetically analyzed, in order to determine both their inter- and intraspecific relationships. This was done as a starting point for cultivation experiments, as well as to provide a genetic description of invasive morel populations linked to mulched garden patches, as compared with outdoor morels. The phylogenetic data, which was based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and supported by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses, divided the germplasm isolates and accessions from the sequence database into three groups of yellow morels, and three groups of black morels, involving a remarkable monotypic genus of half-free morels (Mitrophora semilibera), the groups Morchella conica and M.

Polyploidization facilitates biotechnological in vitro techniques in the genus Cucumis.

Prezygotic interspecific crossability barrier in the genus Cucumis is related to the ploidy level of the species (cucumber (C. sativus), x = 7; muskmelon (C. melo) and wild Cucumis species, x = 12).

Recondensation level of repetitive sequences in the plant protoplast nucleus is limited by oxidative stress.

Protoplast cultures are remarkable examples of plant cell dedifferentiation. The state of dedifferentiation is evidenced by changes in cell morphology, genome organization, as well as by the capability of protoplasts to differentiate into multiple types of cells (depending on the type of the stimulus applied). The first change in the genome structure is connected with large-scale chromatin decondensation, affecting chromocentres involving various types of these repetitive sequences.

Chromatin structural rearrangement during dedifferentiation of protoplasts of Cucumis sativus L.

This paper reports on the structural rearrangement of satellite DNA type I repeats and heterochromatin during the dedifferentiation and cell cycling of mesophyll protoplasts of cucumber (Cucumis sativus). These repeats were localized in the telomeric heterochromatin of cucumber chromosomes and in the chromocenters of interphase nuclei. The dramatic reduction of heterochromatin involves decondensation of subtelomeric repeats in freshly isolated protoplasts; however, there are not a great many remarkable changes in the expression profile.

Lamin A/C and polymeric actin in genome organization.

In this work, we have studied the structural and functional linkage between lamin A/C, nuclear actin, and organization of chromosome territories (CTs) in mammary carcinoma MCF-7 cells. Selective down-regulation of lamin A/C expression led to disruption of the lamin A/C perinuclear layer and disorganization of lamin-bound emerin complexes at the inner nuclear membrane. The silencing of lamin A/C expression resulted in a decrease in the volume and surface area of chromosome territories, especially in chromosomes with high heterochromatin content.

Intranuclear trafficking of plasmid DNA is mediated by nuclear polymeric proteins lamins and actin.

Functions of nuclear polymeric proteins such as lamin A/C and actin in transport of plasmid DNA were studied. The results show that the lamina plays an important role in plasmid DNA's entry into the cell nucleus from the cytoplasm. Selective disruption of lamin A/C led to a halt in plasmid DNA transport through the nuclear envelope.

Chromatin dynamics during DSB repair.

We show that double strand breaks (DSBs) induced in chromatin of low as well as high density by exposure of human cells to gamma-rays are repaired in low-density chromatin. Extensive chromatin decondensation manifested in the vicinity of DSBs by decreased intensity of chromatin labelling, increased H4K5 acetylation, and decreased H3K9 dimethylation was observed already 15 min after irradiation. Only slight movement of sporadic DSB loci for short distances was noticed in living cells associated with chromatin decondensation around DSBs.

The role of actin and microtubule networks in plasmid DNA intracellular trafficking.

This work is focused on the function of the microtubule and actin networks in plasmid DNA transport during liposomal transfection. We observed strong binding of plasmid DNA-lipid complexes (lipoplexes) to both networks and directional long-range motion of these lipoplexes along the microtubules. Disruption of either of these networks led to the cessation of plasmid transport to the nucleus, a decreased mobility of plasmids, and accumulation of plasmid DNA in large aggregates at the cell periphery.

The three-dimensional structure of human interphase chromosomes is related to the transcriptome map.

The three-dimensional (3D) organization of the chromosomal fiber in the human interphase nucleus is an important but poorly understood aspect of gene regulation. Here we quantitatively analyze and compare the 3D structures of two types of genomic domains as defined by the human transcriptome map. While ridges are gene dense and show high expression levels, antiridges, on the other hand, are gene poor and carry genes that are expressed at low levels.

Directional motion of foreign plasmid DNA to nuclear HP1 foci.

Movement of labelled plasmid DNA relative to heterochromatin foci in nuclei, visualized with HP1-GFP, was studied using live-cell imaging and object tracking. In addition to Brownian motion of plasmid DNA we found a pronounced, non-random movement of plasmid DNA towards the nearest HP1 focus, while time-lapse microscopy showed that HP1 foci are relatively immobile and positionally stable. The movement of plasmid DNA was much faster than that of the HP1 foci.

Methylation of histones in myeloid leukemias as a potential marker of granulocyte abnormalities.

We show that common heterochromatin antigenic protein markers [HP1alpha, -beta, -gamma and mono-, di-, and trimethylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9)], although present in human blood progenitor CD34+ cells, differentiated lymphocytes, and monocytes, are absent in neutrophil granulocytes and to large extent, in eosinophils. Monomethylated and in particular, dimethylated H3K9 are present to variable degrees in the granulocytes of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients, without being accompanied by HP1 proteins. In patients with an acute phase of CML and in acute myeloid leukemia patients, strong methylation of H3K9 and all isoforms of HP1 are detected.