Laser-induced damages of different types of human gallbladder stones.

Background/aims: Today, treatment of human calculi, and particularly those of gallbladder, is, to a large extent, less invasive procedure due to numerous non-invasive methods that have been developed.

Methodology: CO2 laser of pulse (output 5W)(W-watt, SI unit system) and continual mode (output 15W) and diode laser (808 nm-nanometer, SI) were used for tests of fragmentation of gallbladder calculi in vitro.

Results: A total of 15 human gallbladder calculi of known size were examined, which had been collected during surgical interventions.