SARS-CoV-2-Triggered Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis with Complications of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome.

In this article, we describe a novel case of SARS-CoV-2-associated-hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) complicated by posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Initially diagnosed with multisystem inflammatory response in children (MIS-C), the patient received a large corticosteroid dose days before the onset of neurological symptoms. After developing PRES, the patient was treated with antihypertensives, antiepileptics, dexamethasone, and anakinra, leading to neurologic normalization.

Utility of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy for critically ill pediatric patients: A systematic review.

Aim: To investigate the diagnostic yield, therapeutic efficacy, and rate of adverse events related to flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) in critically ill children.

Methods: We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, OVID, and EMBASE databases through July 2014 for English language publications studying FFB performed in the intensive care unit in children < 18 years old. We identified 666 studies, of which 89 full-text studies were screened for further review.

Brain injury and development in newborns with critical congenital heart disease.

Objective: To determine the relationship between radiologically identifiable brain injuries and delayed brain development as reflected by brain metabolic and microstructural integrity.

Methods: Term newborns with congenital heart disease (CHD) (120 preoperatively and 104 postoperatively) were studied with MRI to determine brain injury severity (BIS), microstructure reflected by fractional anisotropy (FA) and average diffusivity (Dav), and metabolism reflected by N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/choline (Cho) and lactate/Cho. Brain development is characterized by increasing NAA/Cho and white matter FA, and by decreasing Dav and lactate/Cho.

Single-ventricle anatomy predicts delayed microstructural brain development.

Background: Term newborns with congenital heart disease (CHD) show delayed brain development as early as the third trimester, especially in single-ventricle physiology (SVP). Mechanisms causing delayed brain development in CHD are uncertain but may include impaired fetal brain blood flow. Our objective was to determine if cardiac anatomy associated with obstruction to antegrade flow in the ascending aorta is predictive of delayed brain development as measured by diffusion tensor imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopic (MRS) imaging.