[Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care units in Chilean hospitals].

Background: Patients with a cardiovascular (CV) history may be at greater risk of becoming ill and die due to SARS-CoV-2.

Aim: To assess the incidence of CV complications in COVID-19 patients, the type of complication, and their association with CV history.

Material And Methods: The clinical course of 1,314 patients with COVID-19 admitted consecutively to critical care units of 10 Chilean hospitals was registered between April and August of 2020.

Risperidone in analgesia induced by paracetamol and meloxicam in experimental pain.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the best therapeutic options to treat pain. Their use in combination with other drugs may broaden their applicability in analgesia if their ceiling and adverse effects are reduced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological interaction of two NSAIDs, paracetamol and meloxicam, with the antipsychotic drug risperidone in mice, in several experimental tests of nociceptive and inflammatory pain.

The Antinociceptive Activities of Certain NSAIDS Combinations in Murine Orofacial Test.

Pain models are mostly in rodents and between them formalin orofacial test allow discrimination among antinociception and anti-inflammation. This assay use a formalin solution injected into the upper right lip of each mouse which produces two periods of pain separated by an inactive period. The aims of the present study were to evaluate, by means of the isobolographic analysis, the antinociception and anti-inflammatory activities of the following NSAIDs: dexketoprofen, diclofenac, piroxicam and metamizole in an orofacial.

Involvement of NO in Antinociception of NSAIDS in Murine Formalin Hind Paw Assay.

There are different animal models to evaluate pain among them the formalin hind paw assay which is widely used since some of its events appear to be similar to the clinical pain of humans. The assay in which a dilute solution of formalin is injected into the dorsal hindpaw of a murine produces two 'phases' of pain behavior separated by a inactive period. The early phase (Phase I) is probably due to direct activation of nociceptors and the second phase (Phase II) is due to ongoing inflammatory input and central sensitization.

Nitric Oxide and Opioids Involvement in Isobolographic Nsaids Antinociception.

Different NSAIDs are used as antinociceptive in various analgesic assays, among which should be mentioned: ibuprofen, ketorolac , ketoprofen, meloxicam , paracetamol and others. It has been shown that NSAIDs possess antinociceptive activity by blocking cyclooxygenase enzymes (COXs). The present study was designed to evaluate the possible involvement of the nitridergic pathway due to L-NAME and the opioidergic route by NTX in the antinoception induced by NSAIDs using a murine pain model the tail flick test in an automatic tail flick algesiometer.

Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Tonic, Phasic and Inflammatory Mouse Models.

The principal mechanism of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is the inhibition of ciclooxigenases. In this study was evaluated if NSAIDs could induce antinociceptive differences according to the type of murine pain model. Male mice were injected intraperitoneally with meloxicam, diclofenac, piroxicam, metamizol, ibuprofen, naproxen and paracetamol in the writhing, tail flick and formalin orofacial tests and dose-response were analyzed to obtain the ED of each drugs.

Pharmacological interaction between NSAIDS with clomipramine and risperidone in mice visceral pain.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) possess as primary action mechanism the inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3), thus producing a decreasing prostaglandin synthesis. This study was designed to evaluate whether the antinociception induced by NSAIDs could be modulated by clomipramine or risperidone using a chemical model of inflammatory acute visceral pain, the abdominal acetic acid induced a writhing test in mice. Dose-response curves, intraperitoneal, or intrathecal for the antinociceptive activity displayed by ketoprofen, piroxicam, nimesulide, parecoxib, and paracetamol were analyzed in order to obtain the ED of each drug.

Synergism between gabapentin-tramadol in experimental diabetic neuropathic pain.

Neuropathic pain is associated with several conditions such as surgery, cancer, and diabetes and can be induced experimentally. Among the drugs used as monotherapy are gabapentin and tramadol. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the coadministration of gabapentin and tramadol, by isobolographic analysis, in three different algesiometric assays in experimental diabetic neuropathic pain induced by streptozocin in mice.

Antinociception induced by rosuvastatin in murine neuropathic pain.

Background: Neuropathic pain, and subsequent hypernociception, can be induced in mice by paclitaxel (PTX) administration and partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL). Its pharmacotherapy has been a clinical challenge, due to a lack of effective treatment. In two models of mouse neuropathic pain (PTX and PSNL) the antinociception induced by rosuvastatin and the participation of proinflammatory biomarkers, interleukin (IL)- 1β, TBARS and glutathione were evaluated.

Effects of a novel ascorbate-based protocol on infarct size and ventricle function in acute myocardial infarction patients undergoing percutaneous coronary angioplasty.

Introduction: This study was designed to test the hypothesis that high-dose ascorbate prior to reperfusion followed by low chronic oral doses ameliorate myocardial reperfusion injury (MRI) in acute myocardial infarction patients subjected to primary percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PCA).

Material And Methods: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled and multicenter clinical trial was performed on acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients who underwent PCA. Sodium ascorbate (320 mmol/l, = 53) or placebo ( = 46) was infused 30 min prior to PCA.

Pharmacological profile of dexketoprofen in orofacial pain.

Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may act through others mechanisms, in addition to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. These includes cholinergic, NO, serotonergic and opioids pathways.

Methods: The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of systemic action of (S)-+-ketoprofen (dexketoprofen, DEX) on pain behaviors using the orofacial formalin test in mice and the potential involvement of cholinergic, NO, serotonergic and opioids pathways.

Antinociceptive Interaction of Tramadol with Gabapentin in Experimental Mononeuropathic Pain.

Neuropathic pain is the result of injury to the nervous system, and different animal models have been established to meet the manifestations of neuropathy. The pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain includes gabapentin and tramadol, but these are only partially effective when given alone. The aim of this study was to assess the antinociceptive interaction between both drugs using the isobolographic analysis and changes of the IL-1β concentration in a mouse model of neuropathic pain (partial sciatic nerve ligation or PSNL).

"How and when Chilean Pharmacology started to be experimental and became a science".

Pharmacology in Chile has about 75 years of history and from its beginning until today has grown exponentially. Today, pharmacology is taught in the biomedical careers of the main Chilean universities and research centers in pharmacology are in the north, central and south of Chile. This editorial offers an overview of the main milestones that have led to the consolidation of Chilean pharmacology in Latin America and the world.

Amelioration of persistent left ventricular function impairment through increased plasma ascorbate levels following myocardial infarction.

Purpose: Percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PCA) has been demonstrated to reduce mortality and morbidity and thereby improve the prognosis of patients undergoing acute myocardial infarctions (AMIs). However, this procedure paradoxically increases the initial damage as the result of a condition known as 'myocardial reperfusion injury'. Oxidative stress may contribute to the mechanism of this injury.

Involvement of nitridergic and opioidergic pathways in the antinociception of gabapentin in the orofacial formalin test in mice.

Background: Pain is one of the most common problems in clinical medicine. There is considerable evidence that pharmacologic approaches are the most widely used therapeutic options to ameliorate persistent or chronic pain. In this study it was evaluated the effect of l-NAME and naltrexone in the antinociception induced by administration of gabapentin in the orofacial formalin test of mice.

Antinociceptive synergism of gabapentin and nortriptyline in mice with partial sciatic nerve ligation.

Background And Methods: Neuropathic pain results from nerve injury, and gabapentin, an antiepileptic drug, has been approved for the treatment of several types of neuropathic pain. On the other hand, nortriptyline, an antidepressant drug, has been suggested as an alternative treatment. In partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) mice, the interaction of gabapentin with nortriptyline was evaluated by the hot plate assay using isobolographic analysis.

Isobolographic analysis of the opioid-opioid interactions in a tonic and a phasic mouse model of induced nociceptive pain.

Background: Opioids have been used for the management of pain and coadministration of two opioids may induce synergism. In a model of tonic pain, the acetic acid writhing test and in a phasic model, the hot plate, the antinociceptive interaction between fentanyl, methadone, morphine, and tramadol was evaluated.

Results: The potency of opioids in the writhing test compared to the hot plate assay was from 2.

Isobolographic analysis in mice of the interaction of gabapentin and nortriptyline in relieving orofacial pain.

Aims: To evaluate the nature of the antinociceptive interaction of systemic administration of a combination of the anticonvulsant gabapentin with the antidepressant nortriptyline, by isobolographic analysis in the formalin orofacial pain test of mice.

Methods: The study was carried out in 168 male CF-1 mice weighing 30 g, and the protocol was to test each drug (at dosages of 1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg of gabapentin and 0.1, 1, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg of nortriptyline; ip) alone and in combination.

Systemic synergism between codeine and morphine in three pain models in mice.

Background: The combination of two analgesic agents offers advantages in pain treatment. Codeine and morphine analgesia is due to activation of opioid receptor subtypes.

Methods: This study, performed in mice using isobolographic analysis, evaluated the type of interaction in intraperitoneal (ip) or intrathecal (it) coadministration of codeine and morphine, in three nociceptive behavioral models.

Effect of carvedilol and nebivolol on oxidative stress-related parameters and endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension.

Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction have been associated with essential hypertension (EH) mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of carvedilol and nebivolol on the oxidative stress-related parameters and endothelial function in patients with EH. The studied population included 57 patients, either sex, between 30 and 75 years of age, with mild-to-moderate EH complications.

Previous administration of naltrexone did not change synergism between paracetamol and tramadol in mice.

In the treatment of acute and chronic pain the most frequently used drugs are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), e.g., paracetamol; opioids, e.

Synergism between fentanyl and tramadol in tonic inflammatory pain: the orofacial formalin test.

Opioids have been used for long time to management of pain, the coadministration of two opioids may induce synergism. The present study was conducted to determine the antinociceptive interaction between the dual mechanism of action of tramadol compared to the main of fentanyl antinociception in the orofacial formalin which represents a model of persistent cutaneous nociception in the region innervated by the trigeminal nerve. The i.

Antinociception and anti-inflammation induced by simvastatin in algesiometric assays in mice.

Statins, belonging to a well-known drug class used for lowering cholesterol through competitive inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, also have other pleiotropic properties, such as anti-inflammatory action. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of simvastatin in five models of nociceptive behaviour. Oral gavage administration of simvastatin induced a dose-dependent inhibition of nociception for 1 day in the acetic acid writhing (ED(50) = 5.