Surgery.

This chapter provides a comprehensive background from basic to applied knowledge of surgical anatomy which is necessary for the surgical treatment of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) patients. Significant advances that have been made in the surgical treatment of CCA were examined. For instance, in-depth details are provided for appropriate preoperative assessment and treatment to optimize patient status and to improve the outcome of surgical treatment(s).

Interrater Reliability of Various Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) Classifications for Differentiating Benign from Malignant Thyroid Nodules.

Background: Thyroid ultrasound(US) is used as the first diagnostic tool to assess the management of disease but is operator dependent. There have been few reports evaluating interrater variability in US assessment. Therefore, we evaluated interrater reliability in US assessment of thyroid nodules and estimated its diagnostic accuracy for various TIRADS systems.

Molecular Mechanisms and Targets of Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. HCC develops through a multistep process that involves the local tumor microenvironment, intracellular signaling pathways, and altered metabolic system that allows the cancer proliferation. Understanding the mechanisms of tumor development and progression is critical to developing improved therapies aimed at better survival.