Epidemiologic Characteristics, Time Trend, and Seasonality of Orofacial Clefts in São Paulo State, Brazil. 2008-2019.

Objective: To characterize the epidemiology, identify trends in prevalence, seasonality, and risk factors for orofacial clefts (OFC), selecting the São Paulo state (SPS) population database.

Design: A population-based study to estimate the OFC prevalence trends in recent years, stratified by maternal age and SPS geographical clusters.

Setting: All live births (LB) with OFC in SPS from 2008-2019.

Effects of fresh and aged vehicular exhaust emissions on breathing pattern and cellular responses--pilot single vehicle study.

The study presented here is a laboratory pilot study using diluted car exhaust from a single vehicle to assess differences in toxicological response between primary emissions and secondary products resulting from atmospheric photochemical reactions of gas phase compounds with O₃, OH and other radicals. Sprague Dawley rats were exposed for 5 h to either filtered room air (sham) or one of two different atmospheres: (i) diluted car exhaust (P)+Mt. Saint Helens Ash (MSHA); (ii) P+MSHA+secondary organic aerosol (SOA, formed during simulated photochemical aging of diluted exhaust).