Plasma biomarkers in chronic single moderate-severe traumatic brain injury.

Blood biomarkers are an emerging diagnostic and prognostic tool that reflect a range of neuropathological processes following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Their effectiveness in identifying long-term neuropathological processes after TBI is unclear. Studying biomarkers in the chronic phase is vital because elevated levels in TBI might result from distinct neuropathological mechanisms during acute and chronic phases.

Verbal Learning and Memory Deficits across Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Insights from an ENIGMA Mega Analysis.

Deficits in memory performance have been linked to a wide range of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. While many studies have assessed the memory impacts of individual conditions, this study considers a broader perspective by evaluating how memory recall is differentially associated with nine common neuropsychiatric conditions using data drawn from 55 international studies, aggregating 15,883 unique participants aged 15-90. The effects of dementia, mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder on immediate, short-, and long-delay verbal learning and memory (VLM) scores were estimated relative to matched healthy individuals.

Inflammasomes at the crossroads of traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic epilepsy.

Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is one of the most debilitating consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is one of the most drug-resistant forms of epilepsy. Novel therapeutic treatment options are an urgent unmet clinical need. The current focus in healthcare has been shifting to disease prevention, rather than treatment, though, not much progress has been made due to a limited understanding of the disease pathogenesis.

Automated segmentation of epilepsy surgical resection cavities: Comparison of four methods to manual segmentation.

Accurate resection cavity segmentation on MRI is important for neuroimaging research involving epilepsy surgical outcomes. Manual segmentation, the gold standard, is highly labour intensive. Automated pipelines are an efficient potential solution; however, most have been developed for use following temporal epilepsy surgery.

Association of Localizing F-FDG-PET Hypometabolism and Outcome Following Epilepsy Surgery: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background And Objectives: Although commonly used in the evaluation of patients for epilepsy surgery, the association between the detection of localizing fluorine fluorodeoxyglucose PET (F-FDG-PET) hypometabolism and epilepsy surgery outcome is uncertain. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether localizing F-FDG-PET hypometabolism is associated with favorable outcome after epilepsy surgery.

Methods: A systematic literature search was undertaken.

A WORLDWIDE ENIGMA STUDY ON EPILEPSY-RELATED GRAY AND WHITE MATTER COMPROMISE ACROSS THE ADULT LIFESPAN.

Objectives: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is commonly associated with mesiotemporal pathology and widespread alterations of grey and white matter structures. Evidence supports a progressive condition although the temporal evolution of TLE is poorly defined. This ENIGMA-Epilepsy study utilized multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data to investigate structural alterations in TLE patients across the adult lifespan.

Patterns of subregional cerebellar atrophy across epilepsy syndromes: An ENIGMA-Epilepsy study.

Objective: The intricate neuroanatomical structure of the cerebellum is of longstanding interest in epilepsy, but has been poorly characterized within the current corticocentric models of this disease. We quantified cross-sectional regional cerebellar lobule volumes using structural magnetic resonance imaging in 1602 adults with epilepsy and 1022 healthy controls across 22 sites from the global ENIGMA-Epilepsy working group.

Methods: A state-of-the-art deep learning-based approach was employed that parcellates the cerebellum into 28 neuroanatomical subregions.

Monash-Alfred protocol for assessment of atypical parkinsonian syndromes (MAP-APS).

Introduction: Atypical parkinsonian syndromes (APS) are rare neurodegenerative syndromes for which parkinsonism is one significant feature. APS includes progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), multiple system atrophy (MSA) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS). The diagnosis of APS remains reliant on clinical features with no available diagnostic or prognostic biomarker.

Role of the glymphatic system and perivascular spaces as a potential biomarker for post-stroke epilepsy.

Stroke is one of the most common causes of acquired epilepsy, which can also result in disability and increased mortality rates particularly in elderly patients. No preventive treatment for post-stroke epilepsy is currently available. Development of such treatments has been greatly limited by the lack of biomarkers to reliably identify high-risk patients.

Patterns of subregional cerebellar atrophy across epilepsy syndromes: An ENIGMA-Epilepsy study.

Objective: The intricate neuroanatomical structure of the cerebellum is of longstanding interest in epilepsy, but has been poorly characterized within the current cortico-centric models of this disease. We quantified cross-sectional regional cerebellar lobule volumes using structural MRI in 1,602 adults with epilepsy and 1,022 healthy controls across twenty-two sites from the global ENIGMA-Epilepsy working group.

Methods: A state-of-the-art deep learning-based approach was employed that parcellates the cerebellum into 28 neuroanatomical subregions.

Phase II randomised placebo-controlled trial of sodium selenate as a disease-modifying treatment in chronic drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy: the SeLECT study protocol.

Introduction: Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions worldwide. Despite many antiseizure medications (ASMs) being available, up to one-third of patients do not achieve seizure control. Preclinical studies have shown treatment with sodium selenate to have a disease-modifying effect in a rat model of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).

The adaptation of the desirability of outcome ranking for interventional clinical trials in epilepsy: A novel consumer-led outcome measure.

Interventional clinical trials in epilepsy are typically designed and powered to detect a change in seizure frequency as the primary endpoint, with little consideration given to other benefits or harms of the therapy, or impacts on common epilepsy comorbidities. Desirability of outcome ranking (DOOR) is a novel methodology for evaluating benefits and harms associated with introduction of a new treatment. Multiple outcomes are combined and the resulting combinations are ranked according to their desirability.

E2730, an uncompetitive γ-aminobutyric acid transporter-1 inhibitor, suppresses epileptic seizures in a rat model of chronic mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

Objective: More than one third of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) patients are resistant to current antiseizure medications (ASMs), and half experience mild-to-moderate adverse effects of ASMs. There is therefore a strong need to develop and test novel ASMs. The objective of this work is to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and neurological toxicity of E2730, a novel uncompetitive inhibitor of γ-aminobutyric acid transporter-1, and to test its seizure suppression effects in a rat model of chronic MTLE.

Social Cognition in Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia and Pathological Subtypes: A Narrative Review.

Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) belongs to the spectrum of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and is characterized by frontal dysfunction with executive deficits and prominent socioemotional impairments. Social cognition, such as emotion processing, theory of mind, and empathy may significantly impact daily behavior in bvFTD. Abnormal protein accumulation of tau or TDP-43 are the main causes of neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.

A critical guide to the automated quantification of perivascular spaces in magnetic resonance imaging.

The glymphatic system is responsible for waste clearance in the brain. It is comprised of perivascular spaces (PVS) that surround penetrating blood vessels. These spaces are filled with cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid, and can be seen with magnetic resonance imaging.

Perivascular spaces as a marker of disease severity and neurodegeneration in patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia.

Background: Behavioural Variant Frontotemporal Dementia (bvFTD) is a rapidly progressing neurodegenerative proteinopathy. Perivascular spaces (PVS) form a part of the brain's glymphatic clearance system. When enlarged due to poor glymphatic clearance of toxic proteins, PVS become larger and more conspicuous on MRI.

Perivascular spaces as a potential biomarker of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly damaging disease that affects one's cognition and memory and presents an increasing societal and economic burden globally. Considerable research has gone into understanding AD; however, there is still a lack of effective biomarkers that aid in early diagnosis and intervention. The recent discovery of the glymphatic system and associated Perivascular Spaces (PVS) has led to the theory that enlarged PVS (ePVS) may be an indicator of AD progression and act as an early diagnostic marker.

F-FDG-PET hypometabolism as a predictor of favourable outcome in epilepsy surgery: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: A substantial proportion of patients who undergo surgery for drug resistant focal epilepsy do not become seizure free. While some factors, such as the detection of hippocampal sclerosis or a resectable lesion on MRI and electroencephalogram-MRI concordance, can predict favourable outcomes in epilepsy surgery, the prognostic value of the detection of focal hypometabolism with F-fluorodeoxyglucose positive emission tomography (F-FDG-PET) hypometabolism is uncertain. We propose a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine whether localisation with F-FDG-PET hypometabolism predicts favourable outcomes in epilepsy surgery.

Effective Preparation of [F]Flumazenil Using Copper-Mediated Late-Stage Radiofluorination of a Stannyl Precursor.

(1) Background: [18F]Flumazenil 1 ([18F]FMZ) is an established positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer for the imaging of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subtype, GABAA in the brain. The production of [18F]FMZ 1 for its clinical use has proven to be challenging, requiring harsh radiochemical conditions, while affording low radiochemical yields. Fully characterized, new methods for the improved production of [18F]FMZ 1 are needed.

Sodium selenate as a therapeutic for tauopathies: A hypothesis paper.

In a large proportion of individuals with fronto-temporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), the underlying pathology is associated with the misfolding and aggregation of the microtubule associated protein tau (FTLD-tau). With disease progression, widespread protein accumulation throughout cortical and subcortical brain regions may be responsible for neurodegeneration. One of the syndromes of FTLD is the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), in which the underlying pathology is heterogenous, with half of the cases being related to FTLD-tau.

Interpretable surface-based detection of focal cortical dysplasias: a Multi-centre Epilepsy Lesion Detection study.

One outstanding challenge for machine learning in diagnostic biomedical imaging is algorithm interpretability. A key application is the identification of subtle epileptogenic focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) from structural MRI. FCDs are difficult to visualize on structural MRI but are often amenable to surgical resection.