Evaluation of different mechanical cleaning protocols associated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite in the removal of residues from the post space.

Aims: This study evaluated the effectiveness of different mechanical protocols using rotary brush (RB), ultrasonic tip, and oscillatory system (OS) associated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in the removal of residues and dentin permeability in the cervical and apical segments of the post space.

Settings And Design: Experimental study.

Decoding Single and Paired Phonemes Using 7T Functional MRI.

Several studies have shown that mouth movements related to the pronunciation of individual phonemes are represented in the sensorimotor cortex. This would theoretically allow for brain computer interfaces that are capable of decoding continuous speech by training classifiers based on the activity in the sensorimotor cortex related to the production of individual phonemes. To address this, we investigated the decodability of trials with individual and paired phonemes (pronounced consecutively with one second interval) using activity in the sensorimotor cortex.

COVID-19 and health systems in Brazil and around the world: effects on the working conditions and health of health workers.

This article discusses the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on health systems and its effects on the working conditions and mental health of health professionals and invisible health workers. It presents data on deaths among health professionals, highlighting the need for better and safer working conditions and improvements in public management. We emphasize WHO/PAHO recommendations and the need for equitable vaccine distribution, including poor countries and vulnerable populations.

Fracture strength and hybrid layer formation of endodontically-treated teeth after dental bleaching photoactivated with violet LED.

Objective: To evaluate in vitro the effect of dental bleaching using high concentration hydrogen peroxide (HP) photoactivated with violet LED on fracture strength and hybrid layer formation.

Methods: forty endodontically-treated bovine teeth were randomized into four groups (n = 10): C - Control, HP - 35% hydrogen peroxide, HP-BL - 35% hydrogen peroxide photoactivated with blue LED, HP-VL - 35% hydrogen peroxide photoactivated with violet LED. Three bleaching sessions with an interval of 7 days between them were performed.

The importance of the "how": the case for differentiated service delivery of long-acting and extended delivery regimens for HIV prevention and treatment.

Introduction: Long-acting and extended delivery (LAED) regimens for HIV treatment and prevention offer unique benefits to expand uptake, effective use and adherence. To date, research has focused on basic and clinical science around the safety and efficacy of these products. This commentary outlines opportunities in HIV prevention and treatment programmes, both for the health system and clients, that could be addressed through the inclusion of LAED regimens and the vital role of differentiated service delivery (DSD) in ensuring efficient and equitable access.

Effect of non-vital tooth bleaching photoactivated with blue or violet LED on color and microhardness.

Background: To evaluate the efficacy of dental bleaching protocols using 35% hydrogen peroxide photoactivated with violet LED on color and microhardness of endodontically treated teeth.

Methods: Forty specimens were selected and randomized into 4 groups (n = 10): C - Control, HP - 35% hydrogen peroxide, HP + BL - 35% hydrogen peroxide + blue LED, HP + VL - 35% hydrogen peroxide + violet LED. Three bleaching sessions were performed for each group.

A Systematic Review of COVID-19 Vaccine Antibody Responses in People With HIV.

HIV infection is a significant independent risk factor for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease and death. We summarize COVID-19 vaccine responses in people with HIV (PWH). A systematic literature review of studies from January 1, 2020, to March 31, 2022, of COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity in PWH from multiple databases was performed.

Whitening efficacy of low concentration hydrogen peroxide photoactivated with blue or violet LED.

Background: Bleaching protocols using low concentration hydrogen peroxide (HP) photoactivated with LED sources have been widely discussed. Herein, we evaluated the whitening efficacy of 15% HP photoactivated with blue or violet LED compared to 35% HP.

Methods: Thirty bovine crowns were sectioned into 5 × 5 × 2 mm specimens.

Evidence synthesis evaluating body weight gain among people treating HIV with antiretroviral therapy - a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis.

Background: This systematic review aimed to compare body weight gain associated outcomes over time between dolutegravir (DTG)-based antiretroviral (ART) regimens to other ART regimens, to compare tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)-based regimens, and to evaluate the associated prognostic factors.

Methods: Systematic searches of MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL for RCTs and observational studies comparing ART regimens were conducted on 13 September 2021. Outcomes of interest included: change in body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference; and risk of hyperglycaemia and diabetes.

Hybrid layer formation and bond strength to dentin impregnated with endodontic sealer after cleaning protocols.

Aims: This study evaluated the hybrid layer formation and bond strength of two adhesive systems, Scotchbond Universal (U) or Adper Scotchbond Multi Purpose (M), after cleaning protocols using ethanol (E) or xylol (X), to dentin impregnated with an epoxy-resin based endodontic sealer.

Settings And Design: The study design was an Experimental study.

Methodology: One hundred bovine dentin specimens were randomly allocated into five groups ( = 10): Computed tomography (CT) (control): Only acid etching + M; E+U; X+U; E+M.

Psychosocial interventions for improving engagement in care and health and behavioural outcomes for adolescents and young people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Adolescents and young people comprise a growing proportion of new HIV infections globally, yet current approaches do not effectively engage this group, and adolescent HIV-related outcomes are the poorest among all age groups. Providing psychosocial interventions incorporating psychological, social, and/or behavioural approaches offer a potential pathway to improve engagement in care and health and behavioural outcomes among adolescents and young people living with HIV (AYPLHIV).

Methods: A systematic search of all peer-reviewed papers published between January 2000 and July 2020 was conducted through four electronic databases (Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, PubMed and Scopus).

HIV infection in Eastern and Southern Africa: Highest burden, largest challenges, greatest potential.

Background: The burden of HIV is especially concerning for Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA), as despite expansion of test-and-treat programmes, this region continues to experience significant challenges resulting from high rates of morbidity, mortality and new infections. Hard-won lessons from programmes on the ground in ESA should be shared.

Objectives: This report summarises relevant evidence and regional experts' recommendations regarding challenges specific to ESA.

A whole-genome sequencing study of an X-family tuberculosis outbreak focus on transmission chain along 25 years.

Lineage 4/X-family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not very notorious, except for the CDC1551 strain. One strain of this family, named Ara50, caused one of the largest tuberculosis outbreaks of the Aragon region, Spain, during the 1990s and remained until 2018. These X-strains are characterised by high transmissibility and by carrying a low copy number of IS6110 in their genomes.

Enhanced and Timely Investigation of ARVs for Use in Pregnant Women.

Background: Concerns have been voiced that the exclusion of pregnant women from clinical trials results in a lack of safety and pharmacokinetic data for antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) in pregnancy, creating clear risks to pregnant women living with HIV (PWLHIV), and their infants.

Setting: The World Health Organization convened a Paediatric Antiretroviral Drug Optimization group meeting, December 10-12, 2018, in Geneva, Switzerland.

Methods: The group, comprised of clinicians, scientists, HIV program managers, regulators, and community representatives, were tasked to consider how ARVs are studied in PWLHIV, define alternative approaches to studying ARVs in PWLHIV, identify ways to shorten the timeline to determine safe use of new agents during pregnancy, and define strategies to collaborate with regulators and industry to change longstanding practices.

Comparative efficacy, tolerability and safety of dolutegravir and efavirenz 400mg among antiretroviral therapies for first-line HIV treatment: A systematic literature review and network meta-analysis.

Background: To inform World Health Organization (WHO) global guidelines, we updated and expanded the evidence base to assess the comparative efficacy, tolerability, and safety of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens.

Methods: We searched Embase, Medline and CENTRAL on 28 February 2020 to update the systematic literature review of clinical trials comparing recommended first-line ART that informed previous WHO guidelines. Outcomes included viral suppression, change in CD4 cell counts, mortality, serious and overall adverse events (AEs), discontinuation, discontinuations due to AEs (DAEs); and new outcomes: drug-resistance, neuropsychiatric AEs, early viral suppression, weight gain and birth outcomes.

Do we really improve life quality after total knee arthroplasty in patients with Parkinson's disease?

Introduction: The knee in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients is a problematic joint due to pain, stiffness and gait instability. The aim of this study is to evaluate the functional outcome and degree of pain relief achieved after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in PD patients.

Materials And Methods: This is a retrospective review of 26 PD patients (32 knees) with osteoarthritis who underwent a TKA between 1994 and 2013.

Global public health efforts to address HIV and related communicable disease syndemics.

Purpose Of Review: To review recent progress in public health efforts to address HIV, and the extent to which key approaches can be applied to three key epidemics that commonly co-occur with HIV: TB, viral hepatitis, and STIs.

Recent Findings: The public health approach to tackling HIV in low-income and middle-income settings relied on standardized treatment regimens and monitoring approaches, task sharing and community involvement, and decentralized and integrated service delivery. These approaches can all be applied to three key epidemics that commonly co-occur with HIV: TB, viral hepatitis, and STIs.

Systematic review of the efficacy and safety of antiretroviral drugs against SARS, MERS or COVID-19: initial assessment.

Introduction: Several antiretroviral drugs are being considered for the treatment of COVID-19, the disease caused by a newly identified coronavirus, (SARS-CoV-2). We systematically reviewed the clinical outcomes of using antiretroviral drugs for the prevention and treatment of coronaviruses and planned clinical trials.

Methods: Three databases were screened from inception to 30 March 2020 for studies reporting clinical outcomes of patients with SARS, MERS or COVID-19 treated with antiretrovirals.

Investigation of a rapidly spreading tuberculosis outbreak using whole-genome sequencing.

This paper describes the application of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to investigate an outbreak of Mycobacterium tuberculosis occurring in Aragon, Spain, where strains have been submitted to genotyping since 2004. The responsible outbreak strain appeared in our region first in 2014 and it spread to 14 patients in the following three years. WGS found low variability between the isolates with none of the SNPs differences detected more than once, all of which were attributed to a recent transmission.

Increasing levels of pretreatment HIV drug resistance and safety concerns for dolutegravir use in women of reproductive age.

: Use of dolutegravir-based first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in response to rising levels of pretreatment HIV drug resistance (PDR) to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) may be limited, given safety concerns for birth defects in women of child-bearing potential. Pooled data from 11 nationally representative surveys show that NNRTI PDR in women is nearly twice that in men, exceeding 10% in 8 of 11 countries monitored, suggesting the urgent need for a non-NNRTI-based ART regimen in this population.