Subjective and Objective Measurements of the Facial Effects of Microdoses of Botulinum Toxin.

Introduction: Studies have suggested that botulinum toxin A may improve skin quality, and application protocols using hyper-diluted doses of botulinum toxin (microdosing) have been studied as a way to achieve therapeutic goals without fully paralyzing the targeted muscles.

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of a combined protocol utilizing both the standard dosing and the microdosing of AbobotulinumtoxinA for the improvement of skin quality, measured by objective and subjective measurements.

Methods: Thirty patients were treated with botulinum toxin using both the standard technique and the microdosing technique.

Blood Trace Element Concentrations in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent condition in women of reproductive age. PCOS is characterized by androgen excess and chronic anovulation and associated with low-grade inflammation and metabolic comorbidities. Some trace elements have been linked to pathophysiological mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammation in different disorders.

Association between rs7903146 and rs12255372 polymorphisms of transcription factor 7-like 2 gene and polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The present systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies examines the associations between rs7903146 and rs12255372 polymorphisms of the TCF7L2 gene and PCOS. A search of the literature published until August 2014 was carried out in PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, and LILACS. There were no other limits except for the end date.