Direct costs of unintended pregnancy in the Russian federation.

Background: In 2010, almost every third pregnancy in Russia was terminated, indicating that unintended pregnancy (UP) is a public health problem.

Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the direct cost of UP to the healthcare system in Russia and the proportion attributable to using unreliable contraception.

Methods: A cost model was built, adopting a generic payer perspective with a 1-year time horizon.

The Cost of Melanoma and Kidney, Prostate, and Ovarian Cancers in Russia.

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the total annual economic burden of melanoma and kidney, prostate, and ovarian cancers in Russia using the unified methods.

Methods: The general prevalence-based cost-of-illness model was developed to evaluate the annual health and social care costs and value of lost productivity attributable to the following cancers: melanoma and kidney, prostate, and ovarian cancers from the perspective of the overall governmental budget. All costs were calculated using the "bottom-up" costing technique for the total population of patients with studied cancer, including both newly diagnosed patients stratified by cancer stage and patients diagnosed in previous years who were still alive in the study year.