The Carbon Isotope Ratio as an Objective Biomarker of Added Sugar Intake: A Scoping Review of Current Evidence in Human Nutrition.

Objective biomarkers of dietary intake are needed to advance nutrition research. The carbon isotope ratio (C/C; CIR) holds promise as an objective biomarker of added sugar (AS) and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake. This systematic scoping review presents the current evidence on CIRs from human studies.