Customized composite veneers from a totally digital workflow: A case report.

A treatment plan based on the use of a preview software can offer the possibility to rapidly communicate with the patient. Fully digital workflow allows for making several objects at the same time in a precise and cost-efficient manner.

Lim mineralization protein 3 induces the osteogenic differentiation of human amniotic fluid stromal cells through Kruppel-like factor-4 downregulation and further bone-specific gene expression.

Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells with extensive self-renewal properties can be easily isolated and rapidly expanded in culture from small volumes of amniotic fluid. These cells, namely, amniotic fluid-stromal cells (AFSCs), can be regarded as an attractive source for tissue engineering purposes, being phenotypically and genetically stable, plus overcoming all the safety and ethical issues related to the use of embryonic/fetal cells. LMP3 is a novel osteoinductive molecule acting upstream to the main osteogenic pathways.

Phenylbutyrate increases SMN gene expression in spinal muscular atrophy patients.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by insufficient levels of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. Recently, we found that sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (PB), a well-tolerated FDA approved drug, enhances SMN gene expression in vitro. We provide here the first evidence that oral administration of PB (triButyrate significantly increases SMN expression in leukocytes of SMA patients.

Pilot trial of phenylbutyrate in spinal muscular atrophy.

The aim of this study was to evaluate tolerability and efficacy of phenylbutyrate (PB) in patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Ten patients with SMA type II confirmed by DNA studies (age range 2.6-12.

Phenylbutyrate increases SMN expression in vitro: relevance for treatment of spinal muscular atrophy.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease, characterized by degeneration of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. SMA presents with a highly variable phenotype ranging from very severe to mild (type I-III). No cure for SMA is available at present.

Premature termination mutations in exon 3 of the SMN1 gene are associated with exon skipping and a relatively mild SMA phenotype.

Autosomal recessive spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common motor neuron disease caused by absence or mutation in the survival motor neuron (SMN1) gene. SNM1 and a nearly identical copy, SMN2, encode identical proteins, but SMN2 only produces a little full length protein due to alternative splicing. The level of functional SMN protein and the number of SMN2 genes correlate with the clinical phenotype ranging from severe to very mild.

Detection of the survival motor neuron (SMN) genes by FISH: further evidence for a role for SMN2 in the modulation of disease severity in SMA patients.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder which presents with various clinical phenotypes ranging from severe to very mild. All forms are caused by the homozygous absence of the survival motor neuron ( SMN1 ) gene. SMN1 and a nearly identical copy ( SMN2 ) are located in a duplicated region at 5q13 and encode identical proteins.

Construction of a 2.5-Mb integrated physical and gene map of distal 21q22.3.

The gene-rich telomeric region of 21q harbors several loci relevant to human diseases including autoimmune polyglandular disease type I, nonsyndromic deafness, Knobloch syndrome, holoprosencephaly, and bipolar affective disorder. A contig of genomic clones in this region would facilitate the isolation of these genes. However, distal 21q22.

Ligands of the histamine H3-receptor: new potent antagonists of the 2-thioimidazole type.

An overview of H3-receptor ligands is presented, with particular attention to antagonists. The protein binding of the classical H3-receptor antagonist thioperamide and its effect on in vivo distribution are discussed. A series of H3-receptor antagonists characterised by the presence of an imidazole ring, a spacer (ethylthio-, ethylamino-, propylthio- or propylamino-chain), a second heterocycle nucleus and a lipophilic group is described.

QSAR study on H3-receptor affinity of benzothiazole derivatives of thioperamide.

Starting from the structure of thioperamide, a known H3-antagonist, a new series of compounds with a benzothiazole nucleus instead of the cyclohexylcarbothioamide moiety was synthesized. Various substituents, selected by experimental design, were introduced in position 6 of the benzothiazole nucleus, in order to change its physico-chemical characteristics. The lipophilicity of the synthesized compounds was measured by means of RP-HPLC, and their H3-receptor affinity was evaluated by competitive binding assays on rat cortex synaptosomes, with the labelled ligand N alpha-[3H]methylhistamine.

Rotational disorders in intramedullary fixation of the lower limbs.

The routine employment of intramedullary fixation in fractures of the femur and tibia has led the authors to thoroughly evaluate malunions. With the aid of CT scan, precise multilevel quantification of residual rotational deformity was possible by comparison with the contralateral limb after fracture healing. The results of this study confirm the effectiveness of the method, filling an interpretative gap in the literature.

Anomalous responses to histamine stimulation of guinea-pig oesophageal muscularis mucosae.

The incomplete tachyphylaxis of the contractile response to the H1-stimulants observed on guinea-pig oesophageal muscularis mucosae seems to be H2- and H3-antagonist as well as atropine- and tetrodotoxin-resistant. Lidocaine and eserine partially prevented this process probably by a mechanism independent of their main activity. The dualistic antagonism exerted by mepyramine and methysergide on reproducible histamine responses could be explained by a kinetic condition of "hemi-equilibrium state" together with changes of drug-receptor interaction and by non-specific properties of methysergide.

H2-receptor antagonist activity of N-methylthiourea, N-cyano-N'-methylguanidine, N-cyanoamidine, N-carbamoylamidine and N-sulfamoylamidine 5-substituted thiazole derivatives on guinea-pig atria.

The H2-antagonist activity of thiazole derivatives, substituted on position 5 with urea-equivalent groups, has been tested on guinea-pig isolated atria stimulated by dimaprit. By comparing the activities of the 2,5-disubstituted thiazole derivatives with those of the corresponding 2,4-disubstituted derivatives it can be seen that the side-chain position is critical to activity and differently influences activity in the various series. The heteroaromatic ring atom sequence N-C-S-C-side chain is always associated with a low antagonist activity.

Influence of urea-equivalent groups in position 5 of 2-amino, 2-(1-aminoethylidenamino) and 2-guanidino thiazole derivatives on H2-receptor antagonist activity in gastric fistula cat.

A series of thiazole derivatives, in which a side-chain with different urea-equivalent groups was introduced in position 5 of the heterocycle, have been tested as inhibitors of dimaprit-induced gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the gastric fistula cat. By comparing the in vivo and the previously reported in vitro activity of these compounds, we can note a very close parallelism not only in the quality of their action but also in the estimates of pA2 values. These data support an interdependence between the molecular substructures and the affinity for the H2-receptor.

[Thiazolylalkylamines: synthesis of analogs of imidazolylethylamines and their effect on gastric secretion].

As a part of a study on H2-agonists, the preparations and properties are reported for a representative group of 2-aminothiazolethylamine derivatives which contain the gastric secretion stimulating S-aminoalkylisothiourea moiety. The test compounds were obtained by known methods or from 2-(2-amino-5-thiazolyl)ethyl chloride and were tested for their possible histamine-like activities on different biological substrates. From the biological results it appears that the behaviour of the substances is rather complex, but the following general observations can be pointed out: the contracturant properties, sometimes quite marked, do not derive from direct H1-specific activities; the effects, particularly evident in stimulating in vitro or in vivo gastric secretion, in relaxing gall-bladder smooth muscle, on auriculae and/or on blood pressure, are not competitively antagonized by cimetidine; none of the tested compounds proved to be an antagonist of histamine H2-receptors, while one of them is found to inhibit competitively the H1-receptors.

[Imidazole H-2 agonists. Synthesis and activity of 2-(2-amino-4-imidazolyl)ethylamine (2-aminohistamine) dihydrochloride].

The syntheses of 2-(2-amino-4-imidazolyl)ethylamine (2-aminohistamine) dihydrochloride and of the corresponding 5-methyl derivative are described. The histamine-like properties of the two salts are tested in vitro on isolated ileum and gastric fundus of guinea-pig. The results are discussed and compared with those of other H2-agonists.