Validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms.

Background: Negative symptoms have long been conceptualized as a core aspect of schizophrenia. Despite widespread recognition of the status of these symptoms as independent dimensions of schizophrenia, they are sometimes difficult to distinguish from depression or cognitive impairment. Therefore, objective assessment of schizophrenia symptoms is critical by obtaining a valid and reliable Indonesian version of the SANS instrument.

Sociological and Psychological Factors on Prohibited Substances Abuse in Rehabilitation Centre of Medan City, Indonesia.

Introduction: Prohibited substances issue and their abuse have become a scourge for people in Indonesia. This situation creates concern for every level of society since this is very influential to damage and can even eliminate generations at a later time.

Aim: This study aims to determine the characteristics of age, education, psychological and social problems related to substance dependence experienced by individuals with substance disorders who undergo rehabilitation in Medan, Indonesia.

Indonesian Version of Addiction Rating Scale of Smartphone Usage Adapted from Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) In Junior High School.

Background: The increase of smartphone user among Indonesian junior high school students, particularly for teenagers, indicates the addiction factor of the smartphone.

Aim: This research is designed to adapt the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SASS-SV) to Indonesian version based on cultural adaptation of the rating scale.

Methods: This study involves 300 participants consisted of 151 of male children and 149 female children with an average age is 13.

The Correlation Between the Level of Anxiety According to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety Subscale with the Duration of Illness, the Age of the Caregiver, and the Age of First Illness in the Biological Mother Who Takes Care of Boys with Schizophrenia.

Background: Caregivers are often described as forgotten patients, and adverse effects are often reported by family caregivers, including anxiety in treating schizophrenic patients. In most cases, it is the mother who takes almost all responsibilities for caring for the patient with schizophrenia. From another study, Mothers showed the highest-burden, followed by fathers and other caregivers.

Screening of Mental Disorders Related CD4 Count of People Living with HIV/AIDS with Anti-Retroviral Treatment in Medan, Indonesia.

Background: Mental disorders are the most common problems in the life of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). The frequency in which HIV/AIDS and mental health problems co-exist, and the complex bi-directional relationship between them. Several biological, distress psychological and social dysfunction factors are associated with mental disorders in PLWHA.

The Comparison of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety Scores between Female Caregivers of People with Schizophrenia According to Gender Difference.

Background: Caregiver plays an important role for a better outcome in people with schizophrenia, although it usually causes emotional distress for the caregiver. Anxiety is one of the emotional distress. Gender of schizophrenic patients is associated with the emotional distress of caregiver.

Screening of Anxiety and Depression Related CD4 Count of People Living with HIV/AIDS with Anti-Retroviral in Medan, Indonesia.

Background: HIV, which causes AIDS, infects the immune system cells, by destroying or damaging the function of the CD4. PLWHA will have twice the risk of experiencing mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety compared with the general population, thereby suppressing immune function, decreasing their quality of life, decreasing the level of adherence to treatment, and contributing significantly to the occurrence of premature death.

Aim: To determine the correlation Anxiety and Depression symptoms and CD4 levels in PLWHA who are undergoing Anti-Retroviral treatment at the HIV/AIDS.

Relationship between Caregiver Burden and Expressed Emotion in Families of Schizophrenic Patients.

Background: Schizophrenia is a clinical syndrome that is variable, but highly disturbing; its psychopathology involves cognition, emotion, perception, and other aspects of behaviour. Schizophrenic patients who are hospitalised, who return to a family environment characterised by high levels of criticism, excessive emotional involvement, or hostility (referred to as high expressed emotion) are more likely to experience the recurrence than schizophrenic patients returning to families characterised by low expressed emotion.

Aim: We aimed to investigate the level of care load in the families of schizophrenic patients.

Differences in Total Score of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale between Bataknese and Javanese Men with Schizophrenia Receiving Risperidone Treatment.

Background: Schizophrenia is a psychopathological syndrome clinic involving cognition, emotion, perception and other aspects from the individual which interferences. This interference is normally started before age 25, and it can affect all social classes.

Aim: To find out the difference in total positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) scores in schizophrenia between Bataknese and Javanese who have received treatment with risperidone.

Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor Serum Level and Severity Symptom of Bataknese Male Patients with Schizophrenia in North Sumatera, Indonesia.

Background: Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that is multi-causative and multi-factor, generally affecting about 1% of the population. The elevation level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) offers several protections from other neurodegenerative processes that occur in schizophrenia since this deficit of neurotrophic factors can contribute to changes in brain structure and function that underlie the schizophrenia psychopathology.

Aim: To analyse the correlation between BDNF serum levels and symptom severity by using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) instrument in Bataknese male patients with schizophrenia.

The Indonesian Version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-Ina): The Difference Scores Between Male Schizophrenia Prescribed by Risperidone and Adjunctive of Donepezil in Public Hospital of Dr Pirngadi Medan, Indonesia.

Background: Prescribing donepezil as an addition in reducing the cognitive dysfunctions among schizophrenia patients that have been given by antipsychotic (risperidone and olanzapine) is commonly used. Also, to determine the presence of the dysfunctions, an assessment is conducted by Montreal Cognitive Assessments based on Indonesian version (MoCA-Ina) to provide a more understandable test.

Aim: To determine the score differences of MoCA-Ina between male patients of schizophrenia prescribed with only risperidone, and those with the addition of Donepezil within a certain interval of times.

Affective Psychopathology Towards the Quality of Life of Breast Cancer Patients with Radiotherapy in Medan, Indonesia.

Background: Cancer has to become the scariest disease and tends to reduce the quality of life of the patient. Therefore, it is not only a medical treatment that needs to be conducted but also a psychological treatment.

Aim: to analyse the relationship between affective psychopathology and the quality of life of breast cancer patients who are receiving radiotherapy treatment.

The Difference of Fasting Blood Sugar of Male Patients with Schizophrenia Treated with Flexible Dose between Aripiprazole and Risperidone in Medan, Indonesia.

Background: Life expectancy among schizophrenic patients is 20% shorter than the general population. Currently, long-term use of antipsychotic drugs can induce metabolic symptoms, including weight gain, glucose intolerance, high blood glucose.

Aim: This research aimed to investigate the fasting blood sugar level of a male patient with schizophrenia treated with flexible dose.