Systematic Review on Role of Drug Eluting Stent (DES) Versus Drug-Coated Balloon (DCB) in Small Vessel Coronary Artery Disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review aims to explain the current advancements in the treatment modalities for small vessel coronary artery disease (SVCAD) and de novo lesions post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), focusing on drug-coated stents (DES) and drug-coated balloons (DCB). Its goal is to address the lack of standards in the management of these lesions and to assess the potential of DCB as a preferential treatment strategy over DES in the long term. RECENT FINDINGS: Technological advancements have improved drug-eluting stents (DES) and drug-coated balloons (DCB) which offer a more promising avenue for managing SVCAD.

Correlation of Cyclic Threshold Values Generated by GeneXpert Ultra MTB/RIF and Fluorescence Microscopy to Predict Mycobacterial Burden in Suspected Cases of Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

Background: Smear microscopy for acid-fast bacilli visualization is important to assess the infectivity rate in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), but it has limited sensitivity; hence, it is important to find an alternative strategy. The aim of our study was to compare the fluorescence microscopy grading by Auramine O phenol staining technique of respiratory samples with the cyclic threshold (Ct) values of GeneXpert Ultra (Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin [MTB/RIF]) and assess the diagnostic efficacy of GeneXpert Ultra (MTB/RIF) compared to microscopy in suspected cases of PTB.

Methods: The study was conducted in the Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, in Kasturba Hospital, Manipal.

Etiology and Clinical Profile of Patients with a Tree-in-bud Appearance on High-resolution Computed Tomogram of the Thorax.

We read with great interest the article "the deadly duo of hypertension and diabetes in India: further affirmation from a new epidemiological study" by Metri et al. They rightly pointed out that the prevalence of hypertension in Indian patients with type 2 diabetes patients is high and therefore early screening and management of hypertension should be included in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. We wish to share our study findings on the prevalence of hypertension in newly onset diabetes mellitus (DM).

Tuberculosis screening for pediatric household contacts in India: Time to adapt newer strategies under the National TB Elimination Programme!

Introduction: The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of screening pediatric household contacts (under the age of 15 years) for tuberculosis (TB) in India through verbal screening, tuberculin skin testing, and chest radiography at intervals of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The study also aimed to determine the proportion of contacts who tested positive for TB and to describe the challenges in implementing regular follow-up. Current National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) guidelines only require verbal screening for contacts under 6 years old at TB treatment initiation.

Lineage classification and antitubercular drug resistance surveillance of by whole-genome sequencing in Southern India.

Studies mapping genetic heterogeneity of clinical isolates of for determining their strain lineage and drug resistance by whole-genome sequencing are limited in high tuberculosis burden settings. We carried out whole-genome sequencing of 242 isolates from drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis patients, identified and collected as part of the TB Portals Program, to have a comprehensive insight into the genetic diversity of in Southern India. We report several genetic variations in that may confer resistance to antitubercular drugs.

Crystal violet decolorization assay: a simplified colorimetric test for the rapid detection of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates.

The increased prevalence of multi-drug resistant M. tuberculosis is quite possibly the direst and most difficult task for the early diagnosis and treatment. A rapid, reliable, and inexpensive diagnostic method is the need of the hour.

Challenges Perceived by Health Care Providers for Implementation of Contact Screening and Isoniazid Chemoprophylaxis in Karnataka, India.

In India, challenges in pediatric TB contact screening and chemoprophylaxis initiation are still underexplored. Elucidating these challenges will help in better implementation of the programme at the grass-roots level thereby helping in early detection of pediatric cases and timely initiation of preventive therapy. This study aimed at exploring the challenges faced by the health care provider in contact screening and chemoprophylaxis initiation implementation of the pediatric household contacts.

Tubercular lymphadenitis in the 21st century: A 5-Year single-center retrospective study from South India.

Background: Tubercular lymphadenitis (TBLN) remains the most frequent manifestation for extrapulmonary TB despite advancements in diagnostics and management over the years. Our study intends to explore five-year trend of TBLN in a tertiary care centre from south India, and aims to study clinico-demographic and diagnostic factors in the management of TBLN.

Methods: All the adult patients (≥18 years) diagnosed and confirmed for TB lymphadenitis between January 2015 to December 2019 were retrospectively evaluated.

The aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic on the diagnosis of TB at a tertiary care hospital in India.

Background: The recent COVID-19 pandemic became a looming catastrophe over global public health and severely disrupted essential healthcare services like tuberculosis (TB). This study estimated the impact of the COVID-19 in the diagnosis of TB, a microbiology laboratory-based overview.

Method: This ambispective observational study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology in a tertiary care hospital in South Karnataka from January 2019 to December 2020.

Detection of Biofilm Production and Its Impact on Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Bacterial Isolates from Chronic Wound Infections.

Background: Microorganisms are known to be involved in the formation of biofilm. These biofilms are often seen in chronic wound infections, surgical site infections, implants etc., These are capable of causing recalcitrant infections and most of them are also known to possess high antibiotic resistance.

Deep learning, computer-aided radiography reading for tuberculosis: a diagnostic accuracy study from a tertiary hospital in India.

In general, chest radiographs (CXR) have high sensitivity and moderate specificity for active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) screening when interpreted by human readers. However, they are challenging to scale due to hardware costs and the dearth of professionals available to interpret CXR in low-resource, high PTB burden settings. Recently, several computer-aided detection (CAD) programs have been developed to facilitate automated CXR interpretation.

A Rare Case of Grey Zone Lymphoma Successfully Treated with Brentuximab Vedotin and R-CHP Chemotherapy.

Introduction: The diagnosis of B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL), also referred to as grey zone lymphoma (GZL), is a challenging diagnosis. There are no standardized guidelines; however, evidence strongly suggests that DLBCL-based regimens are effective in the treatment of GZL. Brentuximab vedotin (BV) is an anti-CD30 antibody drug conjugate that has established efficacy in relapsed/refractory Hodgkin and some T-cell lymphomas.

Rapid detection of multidrug resistant tuberculosis in respiratory specimens at a tertiary care centre in south coastal Karnataka using Genotype MTBDR assay.

Background And Objectives: Despite high prevalence of MDR-TB in India very limited information about MDR-TB and mutation patterns in and genes among MDR-isolates of in south coastal Karnataka region is available; thus present study is an attempt to explore the extent of MDR-TB and mutation patterns prevalent among clinical isolates in this region using GenoType MTBDR assay.

Materials And Methods: A total of 256 sputum samples from Pulmonary TB patients suspected of MDR-TB were tested by GenoType MTBDR as per manufacturer's guidelines for detection of mutations conferring resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid. The results of GenoType MTBDR were recorded and analysed using SPSS version 22.

Whole-genome sequencing reveals genetic signature of bedaquiline resistance in a clinical isolate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Objectives: The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains has opened up new challenges for tuberculosis (TB) control in India. This study examined molecular markers of resistance to bedaquiline, a new antituberculous drug with the potential to dramatically improve MDR-TB treatment outcomes and to reduce mortality.

Methods: A clinical M.

Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel diphenyl ether derivatives against drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

In our efforts to develop druggable diphenyl ethers as potential antitubercular agents, a series of novel diphenyl ether derivatives (5a-f, 6a-f) were designed and synthesized. The representative compounds showed promising in vitro activity against drug-susceptible, isoniazid-resistant, and multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with MIC values of 1.56 μg/ml (6b), 6.

Antimycobacterial susceptibility evaluation of rifampicin and isoniazid benz-hydrazone in biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles against H37Rv strain.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is the single largest infectious disease which requires a prolonged treatment regime with multiple drugs. The present treatment for TB includes frequent administration of a combination of four drugs for a duration of 6 months. This leads to patient's noncompliance, in addition to developing drug-resistant strains which makes treatment more difficult.

Genetic diversity of in south coastal Karnataka, India, using spoligotyping.

Background & Objectives: Despite high occurrence of tuberculosis in India very little information is available about the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates prevailing in coastal Karnataka, India. Thus, the present study was undertaken to explore the genetic biodiversity of M. tuberculosis isolates prevailing in south coastal region of Karnataka (Udupi District), India.

Genotypic detection of fluoroquinolone resistance in drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis at a tertiary care centre in south Coastal Karnataka, India.

Objectives: This study aimed to characterise mutations associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates at a tertiary care centre in south Coastal Karnataka, India.

Methods: DNA from 50 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates was extracted and the gyrA and gyrB genes were amplified.

Infection at Umbilical Hernioplasty Site.

Non Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) are a group of rapidly growing mycobacteria and are generally considered to be of low virulence. Of late, there has been an increase in incidence of infections due to these organisms. Among them, are the common species which have been identified.

Role of multiplex polymerase chain reaction in diagnosing tubercular meningitis.

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is one of the most serious manifestations of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Timely and accurate diagnosis provides a favorable prognosis in patients with TBM. The study evaluated the use of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the diagnosis of TBM.

Role of real-time PCR for detection of tuberculosis and drug resistance directly from clinical samples.

Background: Only a few studies done earlier in India reveal the utility of real-time PCR in detecting drug resistance in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Objectives: The study was carried out to standardise real-time PCR (Quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR) targeting 16s RNA for the rapid detection of tuberculosis and its drug resistance from suspected TB patients.

Materials And Methods: Sputum samples from 100 clinically suspected tuberculosis patients, after processing were subjected to microscopy, MGIT culture and qPCR.

Rational design and synthesis of novel diphenyl ether derivatives as antitubercular agents.

A series of triclosan mimic diphenyl ether derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. The binding mode of the compounds at the active site of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase of M. tuberculosis has been explored.

Study of drug resistance in pulmonary tuberculosis cases in south coastal Karnataka.

The present cross-sectional study was conducted for the first time from the Udupi district of coastal Karnataka to know the prevalence of drug resistance and comparative analysis of MDR and non-MDR cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. Details of 862 smear positive cases of pulmonary tuberculosis with age ⩾15 years from 12 designated microscopy centres of the Udupi district were studied. Initially 2 sputum samples trailed by one follow-up sample were collected from each patient and processed for culture and drug sensitivity on the Lowenstein-Jensen medium.