Background: Spinal anesthesia is a safe anesthetic technique commonly practiced. However, it is associated with hypotension (33%), bradycardia (13%), and shivering which are induced by hypovolemia, sympathetic blockade, and Bezold-Jarisch reflex through intracardiac serotonin (5HT3) receptors and vagus nerve.
Aim: To study the effect of intravenous (i.