Dapagliflozin in patients with cardiometabolic risk factors hospitalised with COVID-19 (DARE-19): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

Background: COVID-19 can lead to multiorgan failure. Dapagliflozin, a SGLT2 inhibitor, has significant protective benefits for the heart and kidney. We aimed to see whether this agent might provide organ protection in patients with COVID-19 by affecting processes dysregulated during acute illness.

SGLT-2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure: Guide for Prescribing and Future Perspectives.

Purpose Of Review: Heart failure is responsible for a significant part of diabetes-associated cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are novel agents approved for the treatment of diabetes mellitus; in recent clinical trials, these agents have shown a significant reduction in cardiovascular death and hospitalization secondary to heart failure.

Recent Findings: Clinical trials with specific heart failure outcomes have shown the benefit of SGLT-2 inhibitors in reducing the mortality and morbidity associated with heart failure.

Kidney Recovery From Acute Kidney Injury After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Patients with the recovery of kidney function after an episode of acute kidney injury (AKI) have better outcomes compared to those without recovery. The current systematic review is conducted to assess the rates of kidney function recovery among patients with AKI or severe AKI requiring kidney replacement therapy (KRT) within 100 days after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Methods The Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were systemically searched from database inceptions through August 2019 to identify studies reporting the rates of recovery from AKI after HSCT.

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Lock Solutions for Prevention of Hemodialysis Catheter-Related Infections.

Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) with hemodialysis catheters are associated with increased mortality, morbidity and pose significant financial burden on healthcare. Antibiotic and antimicrobial locking solutions are effective in reducing risk of CRBSI. From inception to April 2020, we looked for relevant clinical controlled trials throughout the following databases: EBSCO, PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, clinicaltrial.

The role of sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitors in heart failure prevention.

The worldwide prevalences of diabetes mellitus (DM) and of heart failure (HF) have collectively been on the rise. HF accounts for a large portion of the cardiovascular mortality and morbidity associated with DM. DM increases the risk of developing heart failure by promoting atherosclerosis and exerting direct deleterious effects on the myocardium.

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia type 3: missense mutation.

A 45-year-old man was referred to endocrine for the evaluation of hypercalcaemia. The calcium was elevated, vitamin D was low with a normal parathyroid hormone. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan revealed osteoporosis at the lumbar spine and femoral neck.

SGLT2 Inhibitors and Kidney Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Globally, diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of kidney disease, with a critical percent of patients approaching end-stage kidney disease. In the current era, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have emerged as phenomenal agents in halting the progression of kidney disease. Positive effects of SGLT2i are centered on multiple mechanisms, including glycosuric effects, tubule-glomerular feedback, antioxidant, anti-fibrotic, natriuretic, and reduction in cortical hypoxia, alteration in energy metabolism.

Risk Factors and Management of Osteoporosis Post-Transplant.

Bone and mineral disorders are common after organ transplantation. Osteoporosis post transplantation is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Pathogenesis of bone disorders in this particular sub set of the population is complicated by multiple co-existing factors like preexisting bone disease, Vitamin D deficiency and parathyroid dysfunction.

Epidemiology of cannabis use and associated outcomes among kidney transplant recipients: A meta-analysis.

Objective: Cannabis is the most commonly used recreational drug in the United States, and transplant acceptability for cannabis using candidates varies among transplant centers. However, the prevalence and impact of cannabis use on outcomes of kidney transplant recipients remain unclear. This study aimed to summarize the prevalence and impact of cannabis use on outcomes after kidney transplantation.

OFF-LABEL USE AND MISUSE OF TESTOSTERONE, GROWTH HORMONE, THYROID HORMONE, AND ADRENAL SUPPLEMENTS: RISKS AND COSTS OF A GROWING PROBLEM.

Over the past few decades, there has been an unprecedented rise in off-label use and misuse of testosterone, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, and adrenal supplements. Testosterone therapy is often promoted to men for the treatment of low energy, lower libido, erectile dysfunction, and other symptoms. Growth hormone is used in attempts to improve athletic performance in athletes and to attenuate aging in older adults.

A case of catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

A 55-year-old female patient was presented with severe dyspnea due to sudden onset of heart failure (ejection fraction (EF) <10%). Echocardiogram showed a takotsubo pattern with an akinetic apical segment. Coronary angiography did not reveal any obstructive disease.

Varicella Zoster Meningitis, Optic Neuritis Preceding the Development of Posterior Outer Retinal Necrosis, and Central Retinal Artery Occlusion in a HIV Patient.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) has been known to cause various eye disorders in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. We present a case of a forty-nine-year-old female patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who presented with headache, fever, and blurred vision. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was consistent with VZV meningitis.

Systemic mastocytosis: a rare cause of osteoporosis.

A 61-year old female patient who was referred to the endocrine clinic for evaluation of an elevated alkaline phosphatase. She was originally referred to gastroenterology (GI), however no GI causes of elevated alkaline phosphatase was found. Upon fractionation, it was noted that she had elevation in bone specific alkaline phosphatase.

Non-islet Cell Hypoglycemia: Case Series and Review of the Literature.

Non-islet cell hypoglycemia (NICH) is hypoglycemia due to the overproduction of insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) and its precursors which can activate the insulin receptor. Typically, large mesenchymal and epithelial tumors can cause NICH. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding an elevated IGF-2/IGF-1 ratio.

Management of diabetes mellitus in chronic kidney disease.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are two chronic diseases whose prevalence and coprevalence are on the rise. CKD is also the most debilitating and expensive complication of DM while management of DM in CKD is most challenging. CKD is developing in much younger patients with DM, and its presentation is also changing.