Bicycle Set-Up Dimensions and Cycling Kinematics: A Consensus Statement Using Delphi Methodology.

Bicycle set-up dimensions and cycling kinematic data are important components of bicycle fitting and cyclist testing protocols. However, there are no guidelines on how bicycles should be measured and how kinematic data should be collected to increase the reliability of outcomes. This article proposes a consensus regarding bicycle set-up dimensions and recommendations for collecting cycling-related kinematic data.

The largest prehistoric mound in Europe is the Bronze-Age Hill of Udine (Italy) and legend linked its origin to Attila the Hun.

Prehistoric monuments often constitute evident landmarks and sometimes, after falling into disuse, fascinated local people enough to stimulate speculations about their origin over time. According to legend, the Hill of Udine (NE Italy) was built by Attila the Hun's soldiers, but its origin (natural or anthropogenic) has been debated until now. Our research analyzed five new 40-m long stratigraphic cores, investigating for the first time the total thickness of the hill and compared the data with the available archaeological information.

Factors associated with overuse injury in cyclists: A systematic review.

Objectives: To identify risk factors associated with overuse injuries in cyclists.

Design: Systematic review.

Methods: Data sources: Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched.

The Biarzo case in northern Italy: is the temporal dynamic of swine mitochondrial DNA lineages in Europe related to domestication?

Genetically-based reconstructions of the history of pig domestication in Europe are based on two major pillars: 1) the temporal changes of mitochondrial DNA lineages are related to domestication; 2) Near Eastern haplotypes which appeared and then disappeared in some sites across Europe are genetic markers of the first Near Eastern domestic pigs. We typed a small but informative fragment of the mitochondrial DNA in 23 Sus scrofa samples from a site in north eastern Italy (Biarzo shelter) which provides a continuous record across a ≈6,000 year time frame from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Neolithic. We additionally carried out several radiocarbon dating.

Animal resources and subsistence strategies.

Several faunal assemblages excavated in deposits of different antiquity (from Lower Paleolithic to Bronze Age), located in Northern, Central and Southern Italy, were studied from the archeozoological and taphonomic point of view. Data obtained by different Authors allow reconstruction of subsistence strategies adopted by prehistoric humans in these areas and through time, in particular as far as the exploitation of animal resources is concerned. The following assemblages were considered: Isernia La Pineta (Molise; Lower Paleolithic), Grotta Breuil (Latium; Middle Paleolithic), Grotta della Ghiacciaia (Verona; Middle Paleolithic), Riparo di Fumane and Riparo Tagliente (Verona; Middle and Upper Paleolithic), Riparo Mochi (Liguria; Upper Paleolithic), Grotta della Continenza (L'Aquila; Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic), Grotta dell'Edera (Trieste; Mesolithic and Neolithic), Grotta della Cala at Marina di Camerota (Salerno; Eneolithic), Contraguda (Sassari; Neolithic), Castellaro Lagusello (Mantova; Bronze Age).

The VISA-A questionnaire: a valid and reliable index of the clinical severity of Achilles tendinopathy.

Background: There is no disease specific, reliable, and valid clinical measure of Achilles tendinopathy.

Objective: To develop and test a questionnaire based instrument that would serve as an index of severity of Achilles tendinopathy.

Methods: Item generation, item reduction, item scaling, and pretesting were used to develop a questionnaire to assess the severity of Achilles tendinopathy.

Correlation of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging with clinical outcome after patellar tenotomy: prospective and retrospective studies. Victorian Institute of Sport Tendon Study Group.

Objective: To report the appearances of ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after surgery for chronic patellar tendinopathy and to correlate postoperative appearances with clinical outcome.

Design: A 12-month prospective longitudinal study and a retrospective study, each part using different patients. Prospective study included clinical assessment, ultrasound, and MRI all performed before and 12 months after surgery.

The VISA score: an index of severity of symptoms in patients with jumper's knee (patellar tendinosis). Victorian Institute of Sport Tendon Study Group.

Symptoms of jumper's knee (patellar tendinosis) are not easily quantified and this may explain why there are no evidence-based guidelines for managing the condition. A simple, practical questionnaire-based index of severity would facilitate jumper's knee research and subsequently, clinical management. Thus we devised and tested the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment (VISA) questionnaire.

Patellar tendon ultrasonography and jumper's knee in female basketball players: a longitudinal study.

Objective: To compare patellar tendon sonographic findings at baseline and at follow-up in active female basketball players with and without symptoms of jumper's knee. We hypothesized that baseline sonographic morphology would not reliably predict prognosis and, in particular, that it would not predict the need for surgery.

Design: Prospective longitudinal study with 12-month minimum follow-up.

Patellar tendinosis (jumper's knee): findings at histopathologic examination, US, and MR imaging. Victorian Institute of Sport Tendon Study Group.

Purpose: To determine the histopathologic findings of patellar tendinosis ("jumper's knee") demonstrated with ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-four athletes (28 knees) with jumper's knee (23 men, one women; mean age, 30.9 years) scheduled to undergo open tenotomy underwent US patellar tendon examination.