Emerging debates and resolutions in brown adipose tissue research.

Until two decades ago, brown adipose tissue (BAT) was studied primarily as a thermogenic organ of small rodents in the context of cold adaptation. The discovery of functional human BAT has opened new opportunities to understand its physiological role in energy balance and therapeutic applications for metabolic disorders. Significantly, the role of BAT extends far beyond thermogenesis, including glucose and lipid homeostasis, by releasing mediators that communicate with other cells and organs.

Craniofacial fractures sustained under the influence of alcohol: what are the differences between the sexes?

Objective: To identify mechanisms and types of injuries in patients having sustained craniofacial fractures under the influence of alcohol, and to compare the frequencies of them between males and females.

Materials And Methods: Patients included were adults who had been diagnosed with craniofacial fractures at Töölö Hospital Emergency Department, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland, and who had been under the influence of alcohol at the time of injury. The primary outcome variables were assault-related and fall-related injury mechanisms.

Modification in mitochondrial function is associated with the FADS1 variant and its interaction with alpha-linolenic acid-enriched diet-An exploratory study.

Fatty acid desaturase (FADS1) variant-rs174550 strongly regulates polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) biosynthesis. Additionally, the FADS1 is related to mitochondrial function. Thus, we investigated whether changes in mitochondrial function are associated with the genetic variation in FADS1 (rs174550) in human adipocytes isolated from individuals consuming diets enriched with either dietary alpha-linolenic (ALA) or linoleic acid (LA).

Dietary n-3 alpha-linolenic and n-6 linoleic acids modestly lower serum lipoprotein(a) concentration but differentially influence other atherogenic lipoprotein traits: A randomized trial.

Background And Aims: Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a causal, genetically determined cardiovascular risk factor. Limited evidence suggests that dietary unsaturated fat may increase serum Lp(a) concentration by 10-15 %. Linoleic acid may increase Lp(a) concentration through its endogenous conversion to arachidonic acid, a process regulated by the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster.

Prevalence of eating disorder symptoms in people with insulin-dependent-diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aims: To examine the prevalence of eating disorder symptoms (EDS) in 16 years and older individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes including both clinical and subclinical eating disorder symptoms.

Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases to discover studies reporting prevalence of eating disorder symptoms in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes (both type 1 and type 2). We performed a meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence of eating disorder symptoms and an independent meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of insulin omission.

Comparison of single bicycle crashes and collisions among severely injured cyclists-A 16-year analysis based on the Helsinki Trauma Registry (HTR).

Objective: The Finnish national Traffic Safety Strategy 2022-2026 seeks to halve the number of road fatalities and serious injuries from 2020 to 2030. The strategy states that better information on bicycle crashes is needed for safety promotion. The aim of this study was to describe the demographics, injury characteristics, alcohol involvement, and helmet use of severely injured cyclists and to compare single bicycle crashes (falling alone or hitting a fixed object) to collisions.

Segmentation of Dynamic Total-Body [F]-FDG PET Images Using Unsupervised Clustering.

Clustering time activity curves of PET images have been used to separate clinically relevant areas of the brain or tumours. However, PET image segmentation in multiorgan level is much less studied due to the available total-body data being limited to animal studies. Now, the new PET scanners providing the opportunity to acquire total-body PET scans also from humans are becoming more common, which opens plenty of new clinically interesting opportunities.

Cold-stimulated brown adipose tissue activation is related to changes in serum metabolites relevant to NAD metabolism in humans.

Cold-induced brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation is considered to improve metabolic health. In murine BAT, cold increases the fundamental molecule for mitochondrial function, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), but limited knowledge of NAD metabolism during cold in human BAT metabolism exists. We show that cold increases the serum metabolites of the NAD salvage pathway (nicotinamide and 1-methylnicotinamide) in humans.

The obesity-linked human lncRNA AATBC stimulates mitochondrial function in adipocytes.

Adipocytes are critical regulators of metabolism and energy balance. While white adipocyte dysfunction is a hallmark of obesity-associated disorders, thermogenic adipocytes are linked to cardiometabolic health. As adipocytes dynamically adapt to environmental cues by functionally switching between white and thermogenic phenotypes, a molecular understanding of this plasticity could help improving metabolism.

Accuracy and Similarity of Team Situation Awareness in Simulated Air Combat.

Fighter pilots' Team Situation Awareness (TSA) has been studied from the perspective of TSA accuracy, which represents how closely the pilots' collective knowledge is aligned with the real world. When TSA accuracy is low, the pilots can have similarly or dissimilarly inaccurate SA. The concept of TSA similarity represents the similarity of team members' collective knowledge.

Thermogenic Capacity of Human Supraclavicular Brown Fat and Cold-Stimulated Brain Glucose Metabolism.

Human brain metabolism is susceptible to temperature changes. It has been suggested that the supraclavicular brown adipose tissue (BAT) protects the brain from these fluctuations by regulating heat production through the presence of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1). It remains unsolved whether inter-individual variation in the expression of , which represents the thermogenic capacity of the supraclavicular BAT, is linked with brain metabolism during cold stress.

Liraglutide demonstrates a therapeutic effect on mitochondrial dysfunction in human SGBS adipocytes in vitro.

Aims: Liraglutide (LG), a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, has been shown to improve white adipose tissue mitochondrial metabolism in mice but not in human adipocytes. Therefore, we explored whether LG has therapeutic efficacy in mitochondrial dysfunction in human adipocytes in vitro.

Methods: We tested the effects of short-term (ST-LG: 24 h) and long-term (LT-LG: D0-15 days) treatments in human SGBS adipocytes on mitochondrial respiration, mRNA and protein expression.

Secretin modulates appetite via brown adipose tissue-brain axis.

Purpose: Secretin activates brown adipose tissue (BAT) and induces satiation in both mice and humans. However, the exact brain mechanism of this satiety inducing, secretin-mediated gut-BAT-brain axis is largely unknown.

Methods And Results: In this placebo-controlled, single-blinded neuroimaging study, firstly using [F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET measures (n = 15), we established that secretin modulated brain glucose consumption through the BAT-brain axis.

The FADS1 rs174550 Genotype Modifies the n-3 and n-6 PUFA and Lipid Mediator Responses to a High Alpha-Linolenic Acid and High Linoleic Acid Diets.

Scope: The fatty acid composition of plasma lipids, which is associated with biomarkers and risk of non-communicable diseases, is regulated by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and variants of fatty acid desaturase (FADS). We investigated the interactions between dietary PUFAs and FADS1 rs174550 variant.

Methods And Results: Participants (n = 118), homozygous for FADS1 rs174550 variant (TT and CC) followed a high alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 5 percent of energy (E-%)) or a high linoleic acid (LA, 10 E-%) diet during an 8-week randomized controlled intervention.

Characteristics and costs of electric scooter injuries in Helsinki: a retrospective cohort study.

Background And Purpose: The incidence of electric scooter (e-scooter) injuries has increased drastically in numerous countries after widespread availability of shared e-scooters. The economic impact on society from a broader perspective has not been studied. We aimed to estimate the incidence of e-scooter injuries, describe the injury patterns, and estimate the costs of e-scooter injuries.

Change in brain amyloid load and cognition in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a 3-year follow-up study.

Background: Our aim was to investigate the discriminative value of F-Flutemetamol PET in longitudinal assessment of amyloid beta accumulation in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients, in relation to longitudinal cognitive changes.

Methods: We investigated the change in F-Flutemetamol uptake and cognitive impairment in aMCI patients over time up to 3 years which enabled us to investigate possible association between changes in brain amyloid load and cognition over time. Thirty-four patients with aMCI (mean age 73.

Brown fat triglyceride content is associated with cardiovascular risk markers in adults from a tropical region.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is regarded as an interesting potential target for the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, and the detailed characterization of its structural and functional phenotype could enable an advance in these fields. Most studies evaluating BAT structure and function were performed in temperate climate regions, and we are yet to know how these findings apply to the 40% of the world's population living in tropical areas. Here, we used F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography - magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate BAT in 45 lean, overweight, and obese volunteers living in a tropical area in Southeast Brazil.

Obesity-associated Blunted Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Blood Flow After Meal Improves After Bariatric Surgery.

Context: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and meal ingestion increase subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) perfusion in healthy individuals. The effects of GIP and a meal on visceral adipose tissue (VAT) perfusion are unclear.

Objective: Our aim was to investigate the effects of meal and GIP on VAT and SAT perfusion in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) before and after bariatric surgery.

In Vivo Imaging of Brown Adipose Tissue in Humans: FDG-PET/CT and Beyond.

Positron emission tomography (PET) combined with computed tomography (CT) is used to detect brown adipose tissue (BAT) in humans. Function can be measured using different tracers, most typically with glucose analog F-fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG). CT provides an anatomical reference, but this tool can be utilized for other purposes as well, such as indirect estimate of triglyceride content of the BAT.

GPR180 is a component of TGFβ signalling that promotes thermogenic adipocyte function and mediates the metabolic effects of the adipocyte-secreted factor CTHRC1.

Activation of thermogenic brown and beige adipocytes is considered as a strategy to improve metabolic control. Here, we identify GPR180 as a receptor regulating brown and beige adipocyte function and whole-body glucose homeostasis, whose expression in humans is associated with improved metabolic control. We demonstrate that GPR180 is not a GPCR but a component of the TGFβ signalling pathway and regulates the activity of the TGFβ receptor complex through SMAD3 phosphorylation.

Normative Performance Measurement in Simulated Air Combat.

Normative performance (NP) describes the pilots adherence to tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs). Until now, there has not been a global NP measurement technique for beyond visual range (BVR) air combat, and the methodology and technology related to the evaluation of NP have fallen behind the pace of the overall technical progress of distributed mission operations (DMO) training. Platform-independent core air combat tasks were identified.

Novel effects of the gastrointestinal hormone secretin on cardiac metabolism and renal function.

The cardiac benefits of gastrointestinal hormones have been of interest in recent years. The aim of this study was to explore the myocardial and renal effects of the gastrointestinal hormone secretin in the GUTBAT trial (NCT03290846). A placebo-controlled crossover study was conducted on 15 healthy males in fasting conditions, where subjects were blinded to the intervention.