Salivary exRNA biomarkers to detect gingivitis and monitor disease regression.

Aim: This study tests the hypothesis that salivary extracellular RNA (exRNA) biomarkers can be developed for gingivitis detection and monitoring disease regression.

Materials And Methods: Salivary exRNA biomarker candidates were developed from a total of 100 gingivitis and non-gingivitis individuals using Affymetrix's expression microarrays. The top 10 differentially expressed exRNAs were tested in a clinical cohort to determine whether the discovered salivary exRNA markers for gingivitis were associated with clinical gingivitis and disease regression.

Global metabolomic analysis of human saliva and plasma from healthy and diabetic subjects, with and without periodontal disease.

Recent studies suggest that periodontal disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus are bi-directionally associated. Identification of a molecular signature for periodontitis using unbiased metabolic profiling could allow identification of biomarkers to assist in the diagnosis and monitoring of both diabetes and periodontal disease. This cross-sectional study identified plasma and salivary metabolic products associated with periodontitis and/or diabetes in order to discover biomarkers that may differentiate or demonstrate an interaction of these diseases.

Triclosan blocks MMP-13 expression in hormone-stimulated osteoblasts.

Background: Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) is an important enzyme for the modulation of bone turnover and gingival recession. Elevated levels of MMP-13 are associated with alveolar bone resorption, periodontal ligament breakdown, and gingival attachment loss, which are the clinical symptoms of periodontal disease. Evidence continues to suggest that periodontal disease contributes to oral tissue breakdown and is linked to numerous systemic conditions.

Label-free quantitative proteomics reveals differentially regulated proteins in experimental gingivitis.

We investigated the sequential protein expression in gingival crevicular fluid samples during the induction (I) and resolution (R) of experimental gingivitis. Periodontally and systemically healthy volunteers (n = 20) participated in a three-week experimental gingivitis protocol, followed by debridement and two weeks of regular plaque control. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected at baseline, Day 7, 14, and 21 (induction; I-phase), and at Day 21, 25, 30, and 35 (resolution; R-phase).

Using DGGE and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis to evaluate changes in oral bacterial composition.

Objective: To investigate whether a standard dental prophylaxis followed by tooth brushing with an antibacterial dentifrice will affect the oral bacterial community, as determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) combined with 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis.

Methods: Twenty-four healthy adults were instructed to brush their teeth using commercial dentifrice for 1 week during a washout period. An initial set of pooled supragingival plaque samples was collected from each participant at baseline (0 h) before prophylaxis treatment.

Comparison of the short-term antiplaque/antibacterial efficacy of two commercial dentifrices.

Objective: The objective of these three clinical trials was to compare the impact of two commercial products, Colgate Total and Crest Pro-Health, on the formation of dental plaque over a 24-hour period of time. The studies utilized the Modified Gingival Margin Plaque Index (MGMPI), a validated and reliable clinical method for assessing the efficacy of products in reducing plaque build-up.

Methods: Colgate Total and Crest Pro-Health were the test products for all three clinical trials.

Evaluation of the antiplaque efficacy of two cetylpyridinium chloride-containing mouthwashes.

Objective: The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the efficacy in reducing dental plaque regrowth of two mouthwashes containing 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), one with 6% alcohol and one alcohol-free, as compared to a negative control mouthwash without CPC, using the Modified Gingival Margin Plaque Index (MGMPI).

Methods: The study was a double-blind, randomized, three-way crossover, controlled design.

The use of the Modified Gingival Margin Plaque Index (MGMPI) method to investigate the inhibitory effect of various toothpastes on dental plaque formation.

Objective: Colgate Total (CTT) is the only FDA-approved toothpaste for antiplaque and antigingivitis benefits. The objective of this study was to compare the impact of Colgate Total Pharma (CTP), a new variant of Colgate Total, with Colgate Regular Toothpaste (CRT) on plaque formation over a 24-hour period following a single use of the dentifrice.

Methods: CTP and CRT were the two test products.

Assessment of the effects of dentifrice on periodontal disease biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid.

Background: Periodontal disease has been studied primarily from clinical outcomes in lengthy human studies. Comprehensive biochemical profiling (metabolomics) has become a powerful tool for disease characterization and biomarker discovery. In a previous study, we performed a metabolomic analysis of gingival crevicular fluid collected from healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis sites.

Clinical investigation of the antiplaque efficacy of a new variant of a commercially available triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice.

Objective: The objective of two single-blind, three-treatment, crossover design, clinical studies was to evaluate the antiplaque efficacy using the Modified Gingival Margin Plaque Index (MGMPI) scores of three dentifrices: 1) a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan/2.0% polyvinylmethyl ether/maleic acid (PVM/MA) copolymer/sodium fluoride in a 17% dual silica base (Colgate Total Advanced Toothpaste-Test Dentifrice); 2) a commercially available dentifrice containing 0.

Analysis of the antibacterial activity and plaque control benefit of colgate total dentifrice via clinical evaluation and real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Objective: This study analyzed, from a combined clinical and molecular biologic perspective, the antibacterial and antiplaque efficacy of Colgate Total dentifrice (CTD).

Methodology: A single-blind crossover study design utilized 11 healthy human subjects. After a one-week washout period, subjects donated dental plaque, received a dental prophylaxis, and subsequently brushed with a test product.

Comparison of two clinical methods for evaluating the anti-plaque efficacy of a dentifrice.

Objective: The objective of this research was to assess two different published methods of plaque level evaluation on human subjects, and to determine whether both methods can produce similar findings to the point that the methods can be used interchangeably.

Methodology: Healthy human volunteers entered into a number of double-blind, cross-over clinical trials. Two plaque scoring methods were used: The Modified Gingival Margin Plaque Index (MGMPI) and the Turesky Modified Quigley-Hein (TMQH).

Clinical evaluations of sustained calculus control by Colgate Simply White dentifrice using an in-situ appliance.

Objective: Two clinical studies were conducted to evaluate the dental calculus control efficacy of Colgate Simply White dentifrice versus a positive and a negative control dentifrice, using a published intra-oral appliance and monitoring the prevention of calcium deposition, an indicator of early dental calculus formation.

Methodology: Healthy human volunteers entered into the two double-blind, cross-over studies. An intra-oral appliance was custom-made for each subject.

Clinical evaluation of the anti-plaque effect of a commercial chewing gum.

Objective: The objective of this research was to evaluate the dental plaque control effect of a chewing gum versus brushing with a dentifrice via four clinical studies.

Methodology: Study 1 compared a commercial chewing gum (Colgate Dental Gum, CDG) with a water control after 24 hours post-brushing; Studies 2 and 3 compared CDG to two different brands of commercially available fluoride dentifrices after 24 hours post-brushing; Study 4 examined the anti-plaque effect of CDG plus a regular fluoride dentifrice (Colgate Winterfresh Gel, CWG) versus brushing with CWG alone for five days. The 24-hour clinical tests employed the Modified Gingival Margin Plaque Index (MGMPI), while the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (QHPI) was used for the five-day study.

New laboratory methods to study tooth surface coverage and interproximal plaque control by dentifrice products.

Objective: To develop and test an in vitro tooth model for use in conjunction with laboratory methods to study interproximal effects and efficacy of dentifrices. The application of the model should offer visual evaluation of dentifrice coverage of the tooth surface, and measure dental plaque control at posterior interdental spaces with a dentifrice.

Methodology: The dentifrice products tested with the model were: Colgate Total 2 in 1 Toothpaste and Mouthwash (CTTM), Colgate Total dentifrice (CTD), and Colgate Regular dentifrice (CRD).

Effectiveness of a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice on microbiological and inflammatory parameters.

According to the US Surgeon General's report, "Oral Health in America," published in 2000, most adults in the United States show some degree of periodontal pathology, with severe periodontal diseases affecting about 14% of middle-aged adults. Periodontal diseases are polymicrobial-induced inflammatory diseases, and they vary from mild gingival inflammation to severe deterioration of the periodontium, ie, loss of periodontal supportive tissues and, ultimately, tooth loss. New evidence shows that periodontal diseases may impact systemic health.

The development of a new dental probe and a new plaque index.

Objective: A curved periodontal probe has been developed to measure the length of newly formed plaque along the gingival margin of a tooth and the length of the entire gingival margin of the tooth. Plaque is expressed as a percent of the tooth's gingival margin, and is defined as the Modified Gingival Margin Plaque Index (MGMPI). The purpose of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of three marketed antiplaque products using the MGMPI.