Longitudinal host transcriptional responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults with extremely high viral load.

Current understanding of viral dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 and host responses driving the pathogenic mechanisms in COVID-19 is rapidly evolving. Here, we conducted a longitudinal study to investigate gene expression patterns during acute SARS-CoV-2 illness. Cases included SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals with extremely high viral loads early in their illness, individuals having low SARS-CoV-2 viral loads early in their infection, and individuals testing negative for SARS-CoV-2.

Multiple Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Strains Infecting HEp-2 and A549 Cells Reveal Cell Line-Dependent Differences in Resistance to RSV Infection.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of pediatric acute respiratory infection worldwide. There are currently no approved vaccines or antivirals to combat RSV disease. A few transformed cell lines and two historic strains have been extensively used to study RSV.

Norovirus Gastroenteritis in a Birth Cohort in Southern India.

Background: Noroviruses are an important cause of gastroenteritis but little is known about disease and re-infection rates in community settings in Asia.

Methods: Disease, re-infection rates, strain prevalence and genetic susceptibility to noroviruses were investigated in a birth cohort of 373 Indian children followed up for three years. Stool samples from 1856 diarrheal episodes and 147 vomiting only episodes were screened for norovirus by RT-PCR.

Generation of a mouse model of T-cell lymphoma based on chronic LPS challenge and TGF-β signaling disruption.

asymptomatic steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis, which substantially increase the risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma. Transforming growth factor (TGF-β) signaling pathway is a major regulator in chronic liver diseases contributing to all liver disease progression from liver injury, inflammation and fibrosis to HCC. With the aim of generating a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease that would rapidly develop steatosis, inflammation as well as fibrosis, we formulated a regimen that combined chronic injections of low dose (2mg/kg) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with Lieber DeCarli-based diet containing 6.

Norovirus genogroup II gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in South India.

The distribution of norovirus (NoV) genogroup II in children < 5 years of age admitted to a south Indian hospital with diarrhea was investigated. Viral RNA extracted from 282 stool samples were screened for NoV GII and positive amplicons sequenced. Twenty-eight (9.

Rotavirus shedding in symptomatic and asymptomatic children using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR.

Reverse transcription-real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for the VP6 gene was used to study group A rotavirus shedding in children with symptomatic and asymptomatic rotavirus infection. Sequential stool samples (n = 345) from 10 children with rotavirus associated diarrhea and from five children (n = 161) with asymptomatic rotavirus infection were collected over a period of 2 months. A RT-qPCR assay on the samples using a rotavirus VP6 plasmid standard demonstrated high reproducibility, with an inter-assay coefficient of variation (CV) of 1.

Exposure to human and bovine noroviruses in a birth cohort in southern India from 2002 to 2006.

Human and bovine norovirus virus-like particles were used to evaluate antibodies in Indian children at ages 6 and 36 months and their mothers. Antibodies to genogroup II viruses were acquired early and were more prevalent than antibodies to genogroup I. Low levels of IgG antibodies against bovine noroviruses indicate possible zoonotic transmission.

Comparison of age-stratified seroprevalence of antibodies against norovirus GII in India and the United Kingdom.

Noroviruses are a common cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, but outbreaks appear to be more common in industrialized countries than in developing countries, possibly reflecting differences in exposure and immunity. In this study, age-stratified sera from India and UK populations were analysed for the presence of norovirus-genogroup II specific IgG by a time resolved immunofluorescence assay and relative levels of antibodies in the two populations were compared. Antibody levels were higher among all age groups in India than in UK and increased with age in India, whereas in the UK, levels of antibody decreased in adulthood.

Rotavirus antigenemia in Indian children with rotavirus gastroenteritis and asymptomatic infections.

Background: Rotavirus gastroenteritis results in significant morbidity and mortality in Indian children. Although there are numerous studies on rotavirus diarrhea, there are few reports on antigenemia and extraintestinal presentations in these populations.

Methods: Following screening for rotavirus antigen of stool samples from children with and without acute gastroenteritis with a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA), a total of 199 stool and serum sample pairs were identified for additional testing.

Genogroup IIb norovirus infections and association with enteric symptoms in a neonatal nursery in southern India.

Noroviruses (NoVs) are increasingly recognized as an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide. However, there are limited data on the role of NoVs in neonatal infections and disease. The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of NoVs in neonates with gastrointestinal disease using a case-control study design and to characterize the NoV strains infecting neonates.